Migration Path: Spread via the Ottoman Empire and 20th-century Middle Eastern diaspora to Europe and North America.

Globalization Impact: In the U.S., falafel became part of vegetarian and vegan menus, where the idea was adopted but adapted to local preferences. 

Fusion Example: “Falafel wraps” and “falafel burgers” in American fast-casual restaurants blend Middle Eastern and Western food cultures. 

Migration Path: Popularized in Europe and the U.S. after waves of Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian immigration during the 1970s-1990s. 

Globalization Impact: Became mass-produced by global brands and infused with international flavors such as roasted red pepper and avocado. 

Fusion Example: Avocado hummus and chocolate hummus combine global ingredients while retaining Middle Eastern identity. 

Migration Path: Traveled through Gulf migration patterns in the 20th century, as South Asian workers in Saudi Arabia adopted and localized it. 

Globalization Impact: Indian and Pakistani variants, such as “biryani-style kabsa,” mix Arabian spices with South Asian cooking techniques. 

Fusion Example: Modern “Gulf biryani” dishes served in Dubai and Doha combine basmati rice with kabsa spices and fried onions.