Ethical Issues

Introduction

The study of informatics and analytics offers opportunities to reflect on our shared epistemic culture.

Karin Cestina (1999:363) says of an epistemic culture:

Everyone knows what science is about: it is about knowledge, the ‘objective’ and perhaps ‘true’ representation of the world as it really is. The problem is that no one is quite sure how scientists and other experts arrive at this knowledge. The notion of epistemic culture is designed to capture these interiorised processes of knowledge creation. It refers to those sets of practices, arrangements and mechanisms bound together by necessity, affinity and historical coincidence which, in a given area of professional expertise, make up how we know what we know. Epistemic cultures are cultures of creating and warranting knowledge.

She adds that " the focus in an epistemic culture approach is on the construction of the machineries of knowledge construction" (1999:363) (my emphasis).

You might like to explore some of the ideas discussed in the following themes as you reflect on our epistemic culture and the machineries we construct.

Philosophical Issues

Hussein Abbass (2017). Three concerns about granting citizenship to robot Sophia.

Karen Barad (2014). Diffracting Diffraction: Cutting Together-Apart. Parallax, 20(3), 168-187.

Kyle Bowyer (2017). Robot rights: at what point should an intelligent machine be considered a 'person'?

Ellen Broad (2016). How do we own data?

Sophie Chou (2016). To scrape or not to scrape?

Jack Copeland (1993). Artificial Intelligence: A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Kate Crawford (2014). When Fitbit is the Expert Witness. The Atlantic, 19 November.

David Crotty (2014). Nevermind the Data, Where are the Protocols? The Scholarly Kitchen.

Stephen Downes (2017). An Ethics Primer.

Peter Ellerton (2016). What does it mean to think and could a machine ever do it? The Conversation, 7 January.

Martin Enserink & Gilbert Chin (2015). The end of privacy. Science, 347(6221), 490-491.

Future of Life Institute (2017b). A Principled AI Discussion in Asilomar.

Future of Life Institute (2017a). Asilomar AI Principles.

Adam Henscke (2017). Stronger, faster, more deadly.

John Hoberman (1992). Mortal engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport. New York: Free Press.

Robin James (2015). Cloud Logic. The New Inquiry, 27 January.

Gary Kasparov (2017). Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. New York: Hachett Book Group.

Jack Kerr (2016). The dark side of sports data. ABC The Drum, 7 January.

Neil Lawrence (2017). Living together: mind an d machine intelligence.

Bruno Lepri, Jacopo Staiano, David Sangokoya, Emmanuel Letouze & Nuria Oliver (2016). The Tyranny of Data? The Bright and dark Sides of Data-Driven Decision-Making for Social Good.

Geraint Lewis (2014). Where is the proof in science? The Conversation.

John McCarthy & Patrick Hayes (1969). Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence.

Richard Mortier, Hamed Haddadi, Tristan Henderson, Derek McAuley & Jon Crowcroft (2014). Human-Data Interaction: The Human Face of the Data-Driven Society. Social Science Research Network.

New York University Health Sciences Library (2012).

Cathy O'Neil (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction. London: Allen Lane.

Frank Pasquale (2015). The Black Box Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Antii Poikola, Kai Kuikkaniemi & Harri Honko (2017). MyData.

Vyacheslav Polonski (2015). The Next Decade of Data Science.

Ryan Rodenberg & Elihu Feustel (2016). Editors' Introduction: Spygate and sports law analytics. Journal of Sports Analytics, 1(2), 77-82.

Minna Ruckenstein & Mika Pantzar (2015). Beyond the Quantified Self: Thematic exploration of a dataistic paradigm. New Media & Society.

Dara Seidl (2014). Striking the Balance: Privacy and Spatial Pattern Preservation in Masked GPS Data. Masters Thesis. San Diego University.

Katie Shilton (2012). Participatory personal data: An emerging research challenge for the information sciences. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(10), 1905-1915.

Daniel Susser (2016). Information Privacy and Social Self-Authorship. Techné: Research in Philosophy & Technology.

Bruce Tully (2017). The Art of Sport Science.

Alan Turing (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, 49, 433-460.

Emma Uprichard & Leila Dawney (2016). Data Diffraction: Challenging data integration in mixed methods research

Peter Wells & Anna Scott (2016). What would an open data future look like?

Socio-Cultural Perspectives

Kent Anderson (2017). Updating Asimov - How Do We Regain Control In the Digital Age?

Bowyer Bell (1987). To Play the Game. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.

danah boyd (2017). Toward accountability: data, fairness, algorithms, consequences.

Jennifer Hood, Carolyn McDonald, Bethany Wilson, Phil McManus & Paul McGreevy (2017). Whip Rule Breaches in a Major Australian Racing Jurisdiction: Welfare and Regulatory Implications. Animals, 7(1).

Rob Horning (2017). Sick of myself.

Brett Hutchins (2015). Tales of the digital sublime. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, May, 1-16.

Danna Ingleton (2016). A Year's Reflection on Responsible Data.

Brad Millington & Rob Millington (2015). The datafication of everything: Toward a sociology of sport and big data. Sociology of Sport Journal, 32 (2). 140-160.

Maciej Ceglowski (2015). Haunted By Data.

Deborah Lupton (2016). Interesting HCI research on self-tracking: a reading list.

Deborah Lupton (2015). Personal Data Practices in the Age of Lively Data.

Deborah Lupton (2014). Self-Tracking Modes: Reflexive Self-Monitoring and Data Practices. Paper presented at the ‘Imminent Citizenships: Personhood and Identity Politics in the Informatic Age’ workshop, ANU, Canberra.

Lachlan Macalman (2017). Ethics by numbers: how to build machine learning that cares.

Tze Ming Mok, Flora Cornish & Jen Tarr (2015). Too much information:

Visual research ethics in the age of wearable cameras. Integrative Psychological and Behavioural Science, 49(2), 309-322.

Tara Murphy (2017). Why data-driven science is more than just a buzzword.

Alison Pope (2015). Inform to Perform: Using Domain Analysis to Explore Amateur Athlete Information Resources and Behaviour. MSc dissertation, City, University of London.

Brian Solis (2014). The future of work begins with a renaissance in digital philosophy. LinkedIn Pulse.

Nikita Taparia (2016). Women are being left behind by the sports data revolution.

Johanna Virkki & Liquan Chen (2013). Personal Perspectives: Individual Privacy in the IOT. Advances in Internet of Things, 3, 21-26.

Hannah Wallach (2014). Big data, machine learning and the social sciences: fairness, accountability and transparency.

Chris Williams et al. (2017). Democratizing data at Airbnb.

Asta Zelenkauskaite & Erik Bucy (2016). A scolarly divide: Social media, Big Data and unattainable scholarship. Firstmonday, 21(5).

Pedagogical Issues

Michael Booroff, Lee Nelson & Paul Potrac (2016). A coach’s political use of video-based feedback: a case study in elite-level academy soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(2), 116-124.

Christopher Carling, Craig Wright, Lee Nelson & Paul Bradley (2014). Comment on ‘Performance analysis in football: A critical review and implications for future research’. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(1), 2-7.

Dave Collins, Howie Carson & Andrew Cruickshank (2015). Blaming Bill Gates AGAIN! Misuse, overuse and misunderstanding of performance data in sport. Sport, Education and Society, 20(8), 1088-1099.

Aaron Coutts (2014). In the Age of Technology, Occam's Razor Still Applies. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(5), 741.

Richard Edwards & Tara Fenwick (2015). Digital analytics in professional work and learning. Studies in Continuing Education.

Ryan Groom, Christopher Cushion & Lee Nelson (2012). Analysing coach–athlete ‘talk in interaction’ within the delivery of video-based performance feedback in elite youth soccer. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4(3), 439-458.

Ryan Groom, Christopher Cushion & Lee Nelson (2011). The Delivery of Video-Based Performance Analysis by England Youth Soccer Coaches: Towards a Grounded Theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(1), 16-32.

Deborah Lupton (2015). Data assemblages, sentient schools and digitised health and physical education (response to Gard). Sport, Education and Society, 20(1), 122-132.

Siobhain McArdle, Deirdre Martin, Aine Lennon & Phil Moore (2010). Exploring Debriefing in Sports: A Qualitative Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 22(3), 320-332.

Lee Nelson, Paul Potrac & Ryan Groom (2014). Receiving video-based feedback in elite ice-hockey: a player's perspective. Sport, Education and Society, 19(1), 19-40.

David Spiegelhalter (2016). Open Data and Trust in the Literature.

William Taylor, Paul Potrac, Lee Nelson, Luke Jones, & Ryan Groom (2015). An elite hockey player’s experiences of video-based coaching: A poststructuralist reading. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, March.

Helen Warrell (2017). Students under surveillance.

Ben Williamson (2015). Algorithmic skin: health-tracking technologies, personal analytics and the biopedagogies of digitized health and physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 20(1), 133-151.

Shaun Williams & Andrew Manley (2014). Elite coaching and the technocratic engineer: thanking the boys at Microsoft!. Sport, Education and Society, September.

Craig Wright, Chris Carling & Dave Collins (2014). The wider context of performance analysis and its application in the football coaching process. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(3), 709-733.

Privacy and Anonymity

ABC (2015). What reporter Will Ockenden's metadata reveals about his life.

Alex (2016). Graphing when your Facebook friends are awake.

Linton Besser, Justin Stevens & Joel Tozer (2016). Australian Open: Doubles player features on blacklist of tennis players.

Carl Bialik (2016). Why betting data alone can't identify match fixers in tennis.

Brian Blickenstaff (2016). Did Lleyton Hewitt fix matches or does betting data require more context?

Chris Bol (2016). The Buzzfeed 15 Exposed.

BuzzFeed (2016). The Tennis racket data set (Github).

Ian Doward (2016). No evidence of Lleyton Hewitt fixing matches.

DW on Sport (2016). How to fix a tennis match.

Richard Mortier, Hamed Haddadi, Tristan Henderson, Derek McAuley, Jon Crowcroft & Andy Crabtree (2014). The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction Design Foundation. Second edition.

Will Ockenden (2015). How your phone tracks your every move.

Cathy O'Neil (2016). The Ethical Data Scientist.

John Templon (2016). How BuzzFeed News Used Betting Data To Investigate Match-Fixing In tennis.

Daniel Thomas et al (2017). Ethical issues in research using datasets of illicit origin. Proceedings of IMC '17.

Photo Credit

Wrestler, McCreadie (Sam Hood, No known copyright restrictions)