Consonants

Place of articulation + voicing and aspiration

Bilabials (môi-môi)

--> use 2 lips

[-V+A] p

[+V-A] b m w

Labiodentals (môi-răng)

--> lower lip - upper teeth

[-V+A] f

[+V-A] v

Alveolars (ngạc cứng, ổ răng, lợi)

--> the tip of the tongue touches the Alveolar ridge

[-V+A] t

[+V-A] d l n

[-V-A] s (s)

[+V-A] z (s)

(Inter) Dentals (giữa răng)

--> put the tip of the tongue between upper & lower teeth

[-V+A] θ

[+V-A] ð

Palato-alveolar (ngạc-lợi) (s)

--> the tip of the tongue touches the hard palate

[-V-A] ʃ

[-V+A] ʧ

[+V-A] ӡ

[+V+A] ʤ

Palatals (ngạc, vòm)

--> the tip of the tongue comes near the hard palate

[+V-A] j

Retroflex (quặc lưỡi)

--> turning the tongue backward

[+V-A] r (no ending sound in Queen)

Velar (ngạc miệng, ngạc mềm)

--> the back of the tongue touches the soft palate

[-V+A] k

[+V-A] g ŋ

ŋ --> restricted phoneme, no initial position

Glottals (thanh môn)

--> the articulation is at the glotis

[+V-A] h

Labio Alveolar

[+V-A] w

* (s) = (sibilant, âm gió)

Manner of articulation

Stop (tắt)

Nasalcavity: m n ŋ

Oral cavity: p b t d k g

Fricative (xát)

--> partial obstruction of the air stream

s z θ ð f v ʃ ӡ

Afficate (tắt-xác)

--> homographic: the combination of Alveolar & Palato Alveolar

ʧ ʤ

Approximant (lướt)

j r w

Lateral (bên)

l