Chaos

In a chaotic system, like a double pendulum, small changes in the initial conditions become large changes in the long-term evolution of the system, but on the short/medium term, how well we can predict the dynamics is not constant. Sometimes small perturbations will not change much, sometimes small perturbation make even short-term predictions impossible. At each frame the position of the second mass is perturbed slightly, and the grey lines show the predicted dynamics for all the perturbed conditions. - Jacopo Bertolotti

- Double_pendulum_predicting_dynamics.gif - commons.wikimedia.org

Chaos: The Science of the Butterfly Effect - Veritasium - youtube.com 

The REAL Three Body Problem in Physics (2024) Up and Atom - youtube.com 

Chaos on the billiard table (2014) by Marianne Freiberger - plus.maths.org

The Quantum Atlas: Getting Started - quantumatlas.umd.edu

Quantum Physics I: Lecture 1: Introduction to Superposition - MIT OpenCourseWare - youtube.com 

Measurement Problem

Freeman Dyson posits "QM cannot be a complete description of nature" @ J.A. Wheeler's 90th birthday - youtube.com - Dyson proposes experiments that he beleives would show QM should be strictly interpreted within classical physics. "As a general rule knowledge about the past can only be expressed in classical terms." (22:44)

Remarks on the Mind-Body Question () by Wigner -  informationphilosopher.com

https://www.jacobbarandes.com/ 

Wigner's Friend Flowchart - jacobbarandes.com

Quantum effects enter the macroworld (2019) by Stephen Ornes - pnas.org

unrealistic, non-causal, and non-physical

I misunderstood Schrödinger's cat for years! (I finally get it!) (2024) FloatHeadPhysics - youtube.com 

There’s No Wave Function? (2024) Jacob Barandes & Curt Jaimungal- Theories of Everything - youtube.com

Bomb Experiment

 Why is quantum mechanics weird? The bomb experiment (2021) by Sabine Hossenfelder - youtube.com

Elitzur-Vaidman bombs by Barton Zwiebach - MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2016 - youtube.com

Avshalom Elitzur: The Genius Behind the Bomb Testing Experiment (2023) - EISM - youtube.com

Quantum Effects in Biology

electron tunneling

Quantum effects enter the macroworld (2019) by Stephen Ornes - pnas.org

Is Photosynthesis Quantum-ish? (2018) by Philip Ball - physicsworld.com 

Quantum Approaches to Consciousness (2020) by Harald Atmanspacher - plato.stanford.edu 

Sir Roger Penrose & Dr. Stuart Hameroff: CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE PHYSICS OF THE BRAIN - youtube.com 

Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement

Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? (2022) - PBS Space Time - youtube.com

Bell's Theorem: The Quantum Venn Diagram Paradox - MinutePhysics - youtube.com

Quantum Entanglement Explained - How does it really work? (2021) by Arvin Ash - youtube.com

Physicalism?

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5681944/ 

Consciousness and the Collapse of the Wave Function (2020) by David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen - consc.net 

Make Physics Real Again (2019) by David Guaspari - www.thenewatlantis.com

David Bohm

The Habitable Planet: A Systems Approach to Environmental Science - Annenberg Learner 

BBC Bitesize Education - bbc.com - Basic high school level topics following the English GSCE. 

Earth Science FlexBooks | CK-12 Foundation - ck12.org 

Maps

National Geographic Map Maker Interactive - mapmaker.nationalgeographic.org 

Google Earth Online

Google Earth Pro

Keyhole Markup Language (KML)

Astronomy

Stellerium Web - stellerium-web.org - App that works like a star finder. Will only do AD dates.

Stellarium - stellarium.org - Free open source planetarium software that can go back to biblical times. Relatively easy to use. 

• Intro to Stellarium 2019 - youtube.com - Beginner video, 21:17 minutes.

• 2020-12-21 Saturn & Jupiter in close conjunction.

• See Bible Links: Birth of Jesus - Star of Bethlehem - The most interesting date is June 17, 2 BC:  Jupiter and Venus as one star at the breast of Leo descend and set during a Full Moon. Mars, Mercury, and Regulus precede it below the horizon. Stellarium Settings: Jerusalem, -1-06-17 for 2 hours after sunset.

Solar Eclipse Finder - maps.esri.com

Moon Phase Project - rooftopweather.info - Actual pictures of the moon taken at ideal times over a year.

Basic Concepts

Kepler's Laws - phet.colorado.edu 

Gravity and Orbits - phet.colorado.edu - Simulation of the force of gravity between objects.

My Solar System - phet.colorado.edu - Configurable simulation showing gravitational relationships and motion among multiple objects in space.

Gravity Force Lab - phet.colorado.edu 

astro.unl.edu/animationsLinks.html - Simulations and Animations from Astronomy Education at the Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL)

• • • Heliacal Rising Simulation - How a stars apparent position in the sky will change with latitude and time of day.

    • Lunar Phases Simulator - Phases of the moon from different perspectives.

    • Eclipse Table - Recent and future solar and lunar eclipses with other eclipse information.

    • Planetary Orbit Simulator - Kepler's three laws at work.

    • Configurations Simulator - Retrograde motion of planets as viewed from Earth.

    • Solar System Models Lab - Interactive showing models of the solar system prior to the Copernican Revolution.

    • Interactive H-R diagram - The Hertzburg-Russell diagram shows the patterns by which stars are classified. Mobile Version 

Astronomy Notes (2020) by Nick Strobel - astronomynotes.com

James Schombert - uoregon.edu - Archive. For a simple conceptual understanding of the intersection of physics, astronomy and philosophy, try Schombert's written lectures for introductory astronomy courses at the University of Oregon.

• Astronomy 121: The Formation and Evolution of the Solar System 

• Astronomy 122: Birth and Death of Stars 

• Astronomy 123: Galaxies and the Expanding Universe - Highlights: Quantum Physics

How Do We Know The Age Of The Universe? - forbes.com

Observeables

Meteor Shower Calendar - amsmeteors.org - American Meteor Society Highlights: Meteor FAQs, 

F. Richard Stephenson, Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation, Astronomy & Geophysics, Volume 44, Issue 2, April 2003, Pages 2.22–2.27, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x - Review of precision of astronomical measurements.

https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/ 

Partial Lunar Eclipse of 0033 Apr 03 PDF - eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov - Blood moon (lunar eclipse) visible at Jerusalem at one of the two most likely days of the crucifixion.

Reason for the Seasons

Earth-Sun Relationship - esminfo.prenhall.com - Animation showing the reason for the seasons.

Daylight Simulator - astro.unl.edu - Global daylight simulator.

Seasons and Ecliptic Simulator - astro.unl.edu - Simulation shows details of seasons on Earth.

Seasons Interactive - highered.mcgraw-hill.com - Archive. Animation showing how the tilt of the axis of a planet affects the intensity of each season.

Moon and Tides

How did the Moon form? | Natural History Museum - nhm.ac.uk  

Moon Formation - science.nasa.gov  - Simulation shows the lead theory for the formation of the moon.

Determining Moon Phases using Bisectors - astro.unl.edu - Phases of the moon basics.

Lunar Phase Simulator - astro.unl.edu - Interactive phases of the moon animation. 

Observe Solar Eclipses - classzone.com - Shows three types of solar eclipse.

Solar Eclipses: Past and Future - eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov - NASA information on recent solar eclipses.

Weather

How to Hurricane Map - nation.maps.arcgis.com 

Sun and Rain: A Recipe For Rainbows - thoughtco.com

Coriolis Effect

• The Turntable Paradox by Steve Mould

Plate Tectonics

iris.edu - Incorporated Research Institute for Seismology (IRIS) contains data for recent seismic events and many informational links.

• • • World Seismic Monitor - Map of recent earthquake events with links to more information.

    • Teachable Moments - Educational presentations, animations, and documents about recent earthquakes. Well done and informative.

    • Animations - Animations related to seismology arranged topically.

    • Videos - Short video lectures on topics related to earthquakes and plate tectonics.

Continental Drift - ucmp.berkeley.edu  - Visualization of continental drift through geologic time.

Plate tectonic and Paleogeographic Earth Interactive - dinosaurpictures.org

Dynamic Earth Interactive - Annenberg Learner

Plate Tectonics - Dive and Discover - Description and interactives.

Plate Tectonics - Earthguide.ucsd.edu - Description and interactives.

This Dynamic Planet - Interactive Map - Map showing locations of earthquakes, volcanoes, and impact craters.

Plate Tectonics presented in a dynamic perspective

Old Earth Ministries Online Geology Curriculum - oldearth.org - A high school-level curriculum designed for private and homeschool Christians.

Volcanoes

Volcano Database Search - Smithonian Institution - Volcano database includes information for volcanoes including the last major eruptions.

Google Earth Volcano Placemarks - Smithsonian Institution - KML files for volcanoes that have erupted in Holocene epoch (last 11,700 years).

Volcano World - volcano.oregonstate.edu

• Volcano Table

• Volcanoes by Country

• US Volcano Activity Map

• Mt. St. Helens

Volcanoes - Annenberg Learner

Anatomy

Atlas of Human Anatomy - anatomyatlases.org 

Botany

Old Dominion University Plant Site - ww2.odu.edu - Huge database of information and pictures by Lytton John Musselman.

• Bible Plants

• Flora of Jordan

Genetics & Heredity

Learn Genetics - learn.genetics.utah.edu - Primer on genetics and cell biology with interactives and videos.

• Things You May Not Know About Evolution

• Build a DNA Molecule - Interactive

• How do Cells Read Genes?

• Transcribe and Translate a Gene - Interactive: Make an RNA copy of a section of DNA and then produce Amino acids to make a protein.

• Types of Proteins - interactive

• Anatomy of a Gene

• RNA: The Versatile Molecule - Interactive comparing RNA to DNA.

• Genetic Disorders *

• Observable Human Characteristics *

• Genes and Blood Type *

• The Epigenome at a Glance *

Amoeba Sisters - youtube.com

• Protein Synthesis

• Alleles and Genes - PTC, genotype, and phenotype. *

• Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits *

• Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares - Type O universal donor, AB universal receiver, RH factor *

• Pedigrees

Stated Clearly - statedclearly.com

• What is DNA and How Does it Work? - DNA-RNA-amino acids-protein

• What is a Chromosome? - Chromosomes and mutations.

• What is a gene?

DNA

DNA from the Beginning - dnaftb.org - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made the field genetics.

Genetics Home Reference - nih.gov - Specific information about each human gene and various genetic conditions.

Genes vs. DNA vs. Chromosomes - Instant Egghead #19

DNAanatomy - johnkyrk.com - Animations of DNA and its replication.

Build DNA - explorelearning.com - Gizmo model for DNA.

yourgenome - youtube

• DNA replication - 3D 

• From DNA to protein - 3D

• DNA Sequencing - 3D

Your Amazing Molecular Machines - youtube.com - Understandable narration of Drew Berry's animations.

The Science of Picky Eaters (2009) 12:45 mins - pbs.org

Extract Your DNA! - pbs.org - NOVA DIY for seeing your own DNA!

Cracking the Code of Life. (2001) 113 mins - pbs.org - Sequencing of human genome.

• Journey into Human DNA - interactive

• Sequence DNA for Yourself - interactive

Gender

David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case (2017) by Phil Gaetano - embryo.asu.edu - Embryo Project Encyclopedia

Mutations

Nova: Cracking your Genetic Code - pbs.org - Possibilities and pitfalls of genetic testing. note questions 

• Four DNA Tests - Interactive

TED-Ed

• What happens when your DNA is damaged? - Monica Menesini 

Two-Thirds of All Cancers Are Caused by One Thing: Your DNA - youtube.com 

Inheritance

Punnett Square Virtual Lab - glencoe.com 

Genetics - INQ-ITS Virtual Labs 

Diversity of Traits - INQ-ITS Virtual Labs 

Blood Typing

Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares - Youtube.com 

Genes and Blood Type - learn.genetics.utah.edu 

The Blood Typing Game - nobelprize.org - Direct link. - video (3 mins) 

• Tutorial 1 - What is blood type?

• Tutorial 2 - How do you determine a patient's blood type?

• Tutorial 3 - How do you perform safe blood transfusions?

Artificial Selection

Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn — HHMI BioInteractive Video 

Dmitry Belyaev and Fox Experiments - youtube.com 

Design Your Own Baby: Patent Granted - youtube.com 

Cloning

1996: Dolly the sheep cloned - youtube.com 

Clones of Dolly the Sheep Age Well - youtube.com 

Cloning ethics still murky 20 years after Dolly - youtube.com 

Epigenetics

RNAi. (2005) 15 mins - pbs.org - RNAi. (2005) 15 mins, NOVA. Fun analogy of how DNA and RNA work together to create proteins and the discovery of interference RNA. *

Stem Cells Breakthrough. (2008) 14 mins - pbs.org

Epigenetics (2007) 15 mins - pbs.org

Epigenetics - learn.genetics.utah.edu - Videos and interactives.

Classification & Evolution

Genetic Bottleneck - nationalgeographic.org - 

Evolution 101 - evolution.berkeley.edu - Evolution 101 gives you the basics from Berkeley.

• • • Life Has a HIstory

    • The evolution of flight in Birds

Great Transitions: The Origin of Birds (2015) 18:59 - hhmi.org -

• • • The Origin of Birds Film Guide

    • Comparative Anatomy of the Domestic Chicken

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch - hhmi.org -

• • • Film Guides

    • Natural Selection and the Evolution of Darwin's Finches activity

LIfe - An Autobiography (Biodiversity Rap) - youtube.com

29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent - talkorigins.org 

Is the Earth an organism? (2020) by W Ford Doolittle - aeon.co - An attempt to recast the Gaia Hypothesis in a way acceptable to Darwinists.

• Differential Persistence - Survival instead of reproduction based natural selection.

• Multilevel Selection - Natural selection is happening at the cell, organism, species, ecosystem and ultimately Gaia levels. The author includes the gene level also, but this seems to be at least as weak as the Gaia level.

• Some of the language used is philosophically problematic. Terms like 'undirected', 'random', and 'chance' are fine when making a literalistic mathematical model, but randomness and chance run no deeper than that. These terms are either placeholders for our lack of knowledge or the Hand of God. The term 'undirected' is prejudiced and question begging when conceived with the Logos.

Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past (2018) David Reich - youtube.com - A summary of the findings from ancient DNA through 4 lessons in epistemic humility.

Physical Anthropology Tutorial - anthro.palomar.edu

Cultural Anthropology Tutorial - anthro.palomar.edu

The Human Journey: Migration Routes - The Genographic Project 

Maps - indo-european.eu - Series of maps showing the Out of Africa and beyond. Focus is on European lineages and languages. 

• 5-mesolithic-late.jpg - 

• 6-neolithic.jpg - 

• 7-eneolithic-early.jpg - 

• 8-eneolithic-late.jpg

• 9-chalcolithic-early-1.jpg

• 11-chalcolithic-late-1.jpg

• 13-bronze-age-middle-1.jpg

Dieneke's Anthropology Blog - Some relevant posts: Multiple opportunities for Out-of-Africa ; Late (not necessarily steppe) split of Proto-Indo-European ; A story of 69 ancient Europeans ; Strong (?) linguistic and archaeological evidence for steppe Indo-Europeans ; Y chromosome super-fathers ; An archaeological scenario for Out of Arabia 

 Archaeology

Archaeology in Israel: Background & Overview - jewishvirtuallibrary.org 

Ancient Near East Placemarks for Google Earth - Uppsala Universitet - Archaeological sites in the Near East. Google Maps version >>

Israel Antiquities Authority - antiquities.org.il 

Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project, Jordan - Summaries, reports, papers and pictures for both the scholar and the layman at the most important currently active archaeology site in the Levant. Likely the site of the Biblical Sodom, the website is also useful for seeing archaeology at work.

Archaeology Magazine Archive -

The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land (DAAHL) -

Internet Ancient History Sourcebook - Fordham University - 

Ethnicity

Race: Are we so different? - understandingrace.org - An anthropological view of race and racism.

The Ethnic Origins of Beauty (Les origines de la beauté) - lesoriginesdelabeaute.com - Snapshots of women's faces representing a wide variety of ethnicities.

Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past (2018) David Reich - youtube.com - A summary of the findings from ancient DNA through 4 lessons in epistemic humility.

Ancient DNA Comes of Age (2005) by Henry Nicholls - journals.plos.org - Possibilities and pitfalls of sampling ancient DNA.

Eupedia - eupedia.com - European travel, trivia, history and population genetics.

Chiaroni, J. et. al. (2010). The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. European journal of human genetics : EJHG, 18(3), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2009.166 - J1e is 

Autosomal DNA

Ancient DNA Atlas - reichdata.hms.harvard.edu - 

Publications - David Reich Lab HARVARD UNIVERSITY

• Lazaridis I, et. al. (2022) The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 377, eabm4247. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / Supplementary Data Tables / doi/10.1126/science.abm4247) 

• Lazaridis I, et. al. (2022) Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia. Science 377, 982-7. 

• Agranat-Tamir L, et al. (2020) The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant. Cell 181, 1146-57 (Paper / Supplementary Materials / doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024)

• Bergström A, et al. (2020) Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes. Science 367, 1339 (Paper / Supplementary Materials / doi:10.1126/science.aay5012)

• Prendergast ME, et al. (2019) Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa. Science 365, eaaw6275 (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID: PMC6827346)

• Jeong C, et al. (2019) The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 966-76 (Paper / PMCID: PMC6542712)

• Olalde I, et al. (2019) The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230-4. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID: PMC6436108)

• Lazaridis I, et al. (2016) Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419-24. (Paper / Supplemantary Materials / PMCID:PMC5003663)

• Fu Q, et al. (2016) The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200-5. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC4943878)

• Llamas B, et al. (2016) Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas. Science Advances 2, e1501385. (Paper / PMCID:PMC4820370)

• Mathieson I, et al. (2015) Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499-503. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC4918750)

• Lazaridis I, et al. (2014) Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409-13. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC4170574)

• Moorjani P, et al. (2011) The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews. PLoS Genetics 7, e1001373. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC3080861)

• Reich D, et al. (2010) Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053-60. (Paper / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC4306417)

• Reich D, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Price AL, Singh L (2009) Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature 461, 489-94. (Paper / Mathematical Appendix / Supplementary Materials / PMCID:PMC2842210)

Where Does One Ocean End And Another Begin? - youtube.com

Dead Sea

Joy Kagan, E., Langgut, D., Boaretto, E., Herald Neumann, F., & Stein, M. (2015). Dead Sea Levels during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Radiocarbon, 57(2), 237-252. doi:10.2458/azu_rc.57.18560

Indo-Pacific

While a global Sea Level Rise curve might be convenient, there are actually several reasons for having separate curves for the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans as the continents largely divide these three oceans from each other and each area has unique factors at play. Some evidence for this is found in the higher than present sea-level peaks around 5000-7000 BP consistently measured in the Indo-Pacific. 

Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo-Pacific (2005) - upenn.edu - Woodroffe, S.A. and Horton, B.P. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , Volume 25, Issue 1, 2005, pages 29-43

South-African-sea-level-indicators-for-past-18-000-yr-with-sea-level-curves-for-Barbados - researchgate.net - Figure 6 from Ramsay, Peter & Cooper, Andrew. (2002). Late Quaternary Sea-Level Change in South Africa. Quaternary Research. 57. 82-90. 10.1006/qres.2001.2290. - Compares Barbados in the Caribean to Mozambique on the Indian Ocean.

Holocene development of the Yellow River's subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea, Fig. 17 (2004) - Volume 209, Issues 1–4, 30 August 2004, Pages 45-67  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.06.009 

Scientists may have solved mystery of rapidly rising Indian Ocean sea level - blogs.agu.org - 7 NOVEMBER 2017 - Weakening monsoon has concentrated heat in the Indian Ocean causing thermal expansion, nearly doubling the rate of sea level rise.

Burckle Crater - wikipedia.org - Possible 18-mile diameter crater formed in a large-scale event happening around 3000-2800 BC creating megatsunamis.

• Abbott, D. & Martos, S. & Elkinton, H. & Bryant, E.F. & Gusiakov, Viacheslav & Breger, D.. (2006). Impact craters as sources of mega-tsunami generated chevron dunes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 38. 299-300. 

• Disputed by Bourgeois, J., and R. Weiss. 2009. 'Chevrons' are not mega-tsunami deposits; a sedimentologic assessment. Geology 37. 403–406. Accessed 2019-02-25.

Red Sea

Bailey, G.N., Flemming, N.C., King, G.C.P., Lambeck, K., Momber, G., Moran, L.J., Al-Sharekh, A. and Vita-Finzi, C., (2007) Coastlines, Submerged Landscapes, and Human Evolution: The Red Sea Basin and the Farasan Islands. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 2(2), 127-160. - Until relatively recently, anthropology has ignored pre-historical coastal communities because sea-level change and erosion has destroyed most of the evidence. However, these communities were most responsible for the major dispersal of humans out of (and back into) Africa, across the Bering straits to the Americas, from Asia to New Guinea and Australia, and of course all the islands on Earth. There are many complications to shoreline study besides sea-rise and erosions. The Red Sea is a tectonically very active and poorly understood area of the world. Arabian paleolithic sites are very difficult to date radiometrically and artifacts are not stratigraphically linked. Low sea levels would expose numerous fresh water springs that would likely caused a green belt along the coast of the Red Sea. Transit across the Red Sea would have been easy during lower sea levels.