The term 'culture' has a wide range. It includes all the language, materials, inventions, history, and people that occurred in a certain place and certain time. Any attempt to completely define or contain culture will end in a bunch of fictions. At best, we can only summarize and suggest from evidence. There are many different kinds of summary we might look to: history, chronology, geography, economy, material culture, ethnicity, language, literature, philosophy, and even intersections with topography, geology, and climate.
All summaries of any kind presuppose an orderly universe. The necessity of an orderly universe reveals a reality standing out there making knowledge possible. However, all evidence is theory-laden, supervening on both our convergent and divergent worldviews of reality.
You cannot step twice into the same river, for other waters are continually flowing on.
- Heraclitus
Specialists using epistemologically aware ways of understanding evidence will offer the best chances of producing truthful summaries in their specialty; however, it should be clear that most of our cultural evidence falls into the Legal/Historical category. That is, most knowledge is based on prosecuting or defending arguments that rely on inadequate evidence, which has a high probability of both unintended and intended bias, prejudice, and exaggeration.
As a generalist, I do not have a mastery of any particular area of knowledge. However, I am epistemologically aware, having a broad understanding of what is known and knowable. Along with citing my sources, these link pages are intended to remark on evidence, hypotheses, and opinions I've found influential in both beneficial and detrimental ways.
Arranged topically for modern subjects and then geographically for ancient places, this page contains links to history, chronology, geography, economy, material culture, and ethnicity.
Language cannot really be taken separate from culture, but the volume of materials available deserves a separate page. The page is arranged chronologically as per languages that influenced the Bible characters and writers, followed by relevant topics.
The biblical materials are documents of specialty and one where prejudice plays a far greater role in commentary and criticism than in other disciplines. This page is arranged for general topics first followed by the Biblical books in the order of the AGB.
There is quite a bit of philosophy and theology that both elucidates and blinds us to the Bible. Good or bad, the typical modern person vastly underestimates the influence philosophy has had on our current understandings and present being. Bringing out these different areas of thought aids in separating the wheat from the chaff. This section is arranged in the order it becomes relevant in Redeeming Asimov.
General conceptual knowledge begins this page. The rest is links to articles and research from hypothesis testing science. The hard sciences offer our best opportunities to gain certain knowledge. The soft sciences conceal as much as they show.
Astronomy as the modern world knows it is very different than the ancient astronomy and astrology that it was born from. Whereas the ancients from top to bottom used the phases of the moon and the arrangement of the stars as a calendar to a precision of the day of the month, the modern urban person cannot even see the stars. This page is concerned with the phenomenological aspects of ancient astronomy and how that relates to the modern view.
Academia.edu - Highlights: Alfonso Archi, Daniel Boyarin, Peeter Espak, Michael Hundley, Pietro Mander, Piotr Michalowski, Amanda Podany, Mitchell S. Rothman, Niek Veldhuis, Xianhua Wang
AlephBeta - alephbeta.org - Torah teaching for all ages, whose founder and chief is Rabbi David Fohrman. Rabbi Fohrman is exactly the type of rabbi Christians should be informed by, not only because of his internal approach to scripture but also because he recognizes there are different faces of God - the many in the One. This is a sort of Trinity Lite, which is often, though not always, compatible with an orthodox Christian view. With Rabbi Fohrman, the point is not necessarily to agree with him, but to see and meet the challenges of the text in a way congruent to how the text was meant to be read.
A Book Like No Other, Season 1 - Podcast 7 episodes. - The implications of the Tree of Life and the Tree of KGE as one tree.
Up Close with Rabbi David Fohrman - jewishaction.com - Takeaways: to understand the meaning of a word, look at how it is used; repetition of words and phrases are begging the reader to make connections to other stories; Torah is a guide to living as a people integrating multiple genres; for understanding the text, focus on internal instead of external questions.
BibleWalks.com Holy Land Sites Review - biblewalks.com
John the Baptist sites: Aenon near Salim;
Biblical bibliographies and related material by Charles Conroy - Useful representative bibliographies for a variety of subjects, including archaeology and theology.
Biblical Studies.org.uk - www.biblicalstudies.org.uk -
BioLogos - biologos.org - "BioLogos invites the church and the world to see the harmony between science and biblical faith as we present an evolutionary understanding of God's creation."
CHRISTIA library - elvis.rowan.edu
Chronology of the Bible - aschmann.net - Thoughtful connections and speculations about the Bible by Richard P. Aschmann. Great charts! Highlights: Table of Nations Location Probabilities, Kings of Babylon, Media, and Persia in the Bible, When Was Hebrew First Written?
Chris Gousmett pages - allofliferedeemed.co.uk - Eclectic collection of Reformed articles.
Recommended Reading - Dr. Michael S. Heiser - drmsh.com -
“Does Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible Demonstrate an Evolution from Polytheism to Monotheism in Israelite Religion?” JESOT 1:1 (2012): 1-24
“Monotheism, Polytheism, Monolatry, or Henotheism? Toward an Assessment of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible” Bulletin of Biblical Research 18:1 (2008): 1-30
“Monotheism and the Language of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” Tyndale Bulletin 65:1 (2014): 85-100
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD) - religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch
Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire - oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/ - Teaching and learning resources for the Akkadian language and cuneiform signs.
Cuneify - Turns a transliteration into the cuneiform symbols that they represent.
RIA = Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (2019) Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. English: Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter. https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla - 15 volumes in 67 fascicles covering more than 8700 pages, 9421 articles, and 3508 cross references. Entries were first published in 1928. The most recent entry is 2018. Languages: German, English, and French.
Scott B. Noegel - faculty.washington.edu - Professor of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, especially focused on the use of literary devices in Semitic literature.
(1995) "Wordplay and Translation Technique in the Septuagint of Job."
(1996) "Janus Parallelism in Job and Its Literary Significance."
(2015) "The Egyptian Origin of the Ark of the Covenant." T.E. Levy et al. (eds.), Israel’s Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04768-3_17,
Satellite Bible Atlas Channel - youtube.com | Satellite Bible Atlas Regional Geography 18 video playlist - Excellent video commentaries by Bill Schlegel on Biblical geography keyed to his book The Satellite Bible Atlas.
Regional Maps Introduction PDF - bibleplaces.com – A brief commentary on the first section in the Satellite Bible Atlas with links to the related commentary videos.
Daniel B. Wallace - bible.org - Articles written for Bible.org associated with the extensively footnoted NET Bible of which he is the Senior New Testament editor. I regard Wallace as an academic hero for demonstrating the kind of restraint and humility needed to hold a strong view of biblical inerrancy while remaining relevant and trustworthy.
AWOL - THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE - ancientworldonline.blogspot.co.uk
Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies - brbs.library.duke.edu
Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society - janes.scholasticahq.com -
Journal for the Evangelical Study of the Old Testament - jesot.org -
Journal of Hebrew Scriptures - jhsonline.org
Perspectives on Science & Christian Faith - asa3.org - The Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation
AGB = Asimov, Isaac and Palacios, Rafael (1981) Asimov's Guide to the Bible. Wings Books: NY.
Annus, A. (2002). The God Ninurta in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Ancient Mesopotamia. State Archives of Assyria Studies 14.
Archi, A. (2010). "THE GOD ḤAY(Y)A (EA / ENKI) AT EBLA". In Opening the Tablet Box. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004186569_004
Archi, A. (2015). A royal seal from Ebla (17th cent. B.C.) with hittite hieroglyphic symbols. Orientalia, 84(1), 18-28.
ITB = Asimov, Isaac (1981) In The Beginning... Crown Publishers, 234 pages
Asimov, Isaac (1994). I. Asimov: a memoir. New York: Doubleday.
Asimov, Isaac & Asimov, Janet Jeppson (2002). It's Been a Good Life. Amherst: Prometheus.
Atmanspacher, Harald (2020) "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
Bahnsen, Greg and Stein, Gordon (1985). The Great Debate: Does God Exist? Bahnsen/Stein. Nacogdoches: Covenant Media Foundation.
Baldwin, Joyce (1972)
Bellah, Robert N. (1964) "Religious Evolution" American Sociological Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 358-374
Biggs, Robert D. (1974). Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh (PDF). Oriental Institute Publication 99. Donald P. Hansen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62202-9. OCLC 1170564
ETCSL = Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Ebeling, J., Flückiger-Hawker, E., Robson, E., Taylor, J., and Zólyomi, G. (1998–2006) The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/), Oxford 1998–2006.
Boyarin, D. (2001). The Gospel of the Memra: Jewish Binitarianism and the Prologue to John. The Harvard Theological Review, 94(3), 243–284. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657424
Brisch, Nicole (2012) 'Anšar and Kišar (god and goddess)', Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Oracc and the UK Higher Education Academy
Brummond, Michael (2007) Religion in Asimov's Writings. Last viewed Nov. 2022 from https://www.angelfire.com/wi/mikebru/Alps.html
Carr, David M. (2015). Hebrew Bible - Old Testament : the history of its interpretation Volume III: From Modernism to Post- Modernism (The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries). edited Magne Saebo with Ska, J. L., Machinist, P. by Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Pg. 434.
Cassuto, Umberto
(2005) A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF GENESIS: Part 1 From Adam to Noah. VARDA BOOKS: skokie, Illinois.
(2006) The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch: Eight Lectures by U. Cassuto. Translated from the Hebrew by Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Shalem Press, Jerusalem, 2006 ISBN 978-965-7052-35-8
Corvallis Secular Society (1997). Isaac Asimov on religion retrieved by Brummond May 9, 1999 from css.peak.org/newsletter/1997/aug97/asimov.html = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715152550/http://www.corvallissecular.org/newsletter/1997/css1997_08.pdf
DDD = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. (1999) VAN DER TOORN K./BECKING B./VAN DER HORST P.W., eds., Leiden/Boston/Köln. at friendsofsabbath.org
RIA = Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (2019) Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. English: Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter. https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla
IDD = Eggler J./Uehlinger Ch., eds., Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East, Electronic Pre-Publications: https://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php
ETCSL = Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Ebeling, J., Flückiger-Hawker, E., Robson, E., Taylor, J., and Zólyomi, G. (1998–2006) The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/), Oxford 1998–2006.
Espak, Peeter - University of Tartu
(2010) The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology. Dissertation, Tartu University Press
(2015). Was Eridu The First City in Sumerian Mythology? Studia Orientalia Tartuensia.
(2020). What a God is Not. The Earliest Sources from a Comparative Perspective. Revue De l'Histoire Des Religions, (237), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.4000/RHR.10513
Fohrman, David - Founder and lead rabbi of AlephBeta.
& Shalev, Immanuel (2023) A Book Like No Other, Season 1 Podcast 7 episodes. AlephBeta. www.alephbeta.org/podcasts/book-like-no-other?season=season-1
Fox, (1983)
Foxvog, Daniel A. (2016) Introduction to Sumerian Grammar. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative https://cdli.ucla.edu/?q=cuneiform-digital-library-preprints
Free Inquiry, Spring 1982 via Brummond
Gadotti, Alhena (2014) 'Gilgamesh, Enkidu, And The Netherworld’ And The Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle. De Gruyter ark:/13960/t7mq46791
Gomes de Almeida, Isabel (2023) "The Mesopotamian domain of the dead and its constraints to divine transcendental power." Time and Space CRC Press DOI: 10.1201/9781003260554-44
Gordon, Cyrus H. & Rendsburg, Gary. A. (1997). The Bible and the Ancient Near East (4th ed.). W.W. Norton.
Hájek, Alan, (2023) "Interpretations of Probability", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/probability-interpret/
Hameroff, Stuart and Penrose, Roger (2014) "Consciousness in the universe: A review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory." Physics of Life Reviews Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2014, Pages 39-78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002
Heiser, Michael S. - Longtime Scholar-in-Residence for the Logos Bible Software and prolific scholar relating relevant ancient Mesopotamian thought to biblical theology.
“Monotheism, Polytheism, Monolatry, or Henotheism? Toward an Assessment of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible” Bulletin of Biblical Research 18:1 (2008): 1-30
“Does Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible Demonstrate an Evolution from Polytheism to Monotheism in Israelite Religion?” JESOT 1:1 (2012): 1-24
“Monotheism and the Language of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” Tyndale Bulletin 65:1 (2014): 85-100
Jesus and the Wisdom Figure of Proverbs 8. PDF (2013) http://www.thedivinecouncil.com/JesusandWisdom.pdf
Huehnergard, John (2011) A Grammar of Akkadian: 3rd Edition
Hume, David (1777). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
IDD = Eggler J./Uehlinger Ch., eds., Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East, Electronic Pre-Publications: https://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php
ITB = Asimov, Isaac (1981) In The Beginning... Crown Publishers, 234 pages
Jagersma, Bram (2010) A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian (doctoral thesis) Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16107
Jedlicka, P. (2017). Revisiting the Quantum Brain Hypothesis: Toward Quantum (Neuro)biology? Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 10, 366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00366
Jeppson, Janet (2006). Notes for a Memoir: On Isaac Asimov, Life, and Writing (1st ed.). Amherst: Prometheus.
Jeppson Asimov, Janet & Asimov, Isaac (2002). It's Been a Good Life. Amherst: Prometheus.
Kauffman, Stuart (2011) The End Of A Physics Worldview: Heraclitus And The Watershed Of Life. NPR blog 13.7: Cosmos & Culture, August 8, 2011.
Kauffman, Stuart (2020) EROS AND LOGOS, Angelaki, 25:3, 9-23, DOI: 10.1080/0969725X.2020.1754011
Kidner, Derek (1966)
Kramer, Samuel Noah.
(1977) "The Ur Excavations and Sumerian Literature." Expedition Magazine 20, no. 1 (October, 1977): Accessed February 04, 2024. https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-ur-excavations-and-sumerian-literature/
(1945) Enki and Ninhursag : a Sumerian "Paradise" myth. New Haven, Conn. : American Schools of Oriental Research https://archive.org/details/enkininhursagsum0000kram/page/n1/mode/2up
Kramer, S. N., Maier, J. R. (1989). Myths of Enki, the Crafty God. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Lambert, W. G.
(2007) "Chapter two: Mesopotamian Creation Stories" pgs. 15-60 in Imagining Creation Brill, 448 pages.
(2013). Babylonian Creation Myths. University Park: Penn State University Press.
Leupold, H. C. (1950) Exposition of Genesis. Baker Book House.
Longo, G., Montévil, M., & Kauffman, S.A. (2012). No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere. Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. PDF
Moses ben Maimon (AKA Maimonides, Rambam) The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics, translation by Joseph I Gorfinkle. https://www.sefaria.org/Eight_Chapters.1 - Introduction to Pirkei Avot
Mazar, Amihai - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Archaeology/Ancient Near East, Emeritus
(2011). The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint. . Near Eastern Archaeologist 74:105-110.
Mazar, A.; Hendrik J. Bruins, Nava Panitz-Cohen and Johannes van der Plicht (2005) Ladder of Time at Tel Rehov: Stratigraphy, Archaeological Context, Pottery and Radiocarbon Dates. Pp.193-255 in: T.E.Levy and T.Higham (editors), The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating. Archaeology, Text and Science. London
Michalowski, Piotr (1990) "Presence at the Creation" in Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L. Moran, 381–396. doi.org/10.1163/9789004369559_024
Millard, Alan R. & Lambert, Wilfred G. & Civil, Miguel. (1969). Atra-Hasis: the Babylonian story of the Flood, by W. G. Lambert and A. R. Millard: with, The Sumerian Flood story, by M. Civil. Oxford : Clarendon Press https://archive.org/details/atrahasis0000wgla/mode/2up
Noegel, Scott B. - Professor of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, University of Washington.
(1995) "Wordplay and Translation Technique in the Septuagint of Job."
(1996) "Janus Parallelism in Job and Its Literary Significance."
(2005) "Phoenicia, Phoenicians." In Bill Arnold and H. G. M. Williamson, eds., Dictionary of the Old Testament: Historical Books. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005, 792-798.
(2009) "Mesopotamian Epic" J. M. Foley (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Ancient Epic. London: Blackwell, 2005, 233-245.
(2013) “Euphemism.” In Geoffrey Khan, et al., eds., Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics. Vol. 1 Leiden: Brill, 2013, 869-871.
(2013) "Paronomasia." pgs. 24-29; "Polysemy." pgs. 178-186 In Geoffrey Khan, et al., eds., Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics. Vol. 3 Leiden: Brill, 2013.
(2014) “'Literary' Craft and Performative Power in the Ancient Near East.” In Karolien Vermuelen, ed., Approaches to Literary Readings of Ancient Jewish Texts. Leiden: Brill, 2014, 19-38.
(2015) “The Egyptian Origin of the Ark of the Covenant.” Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, and William H.C. Propp, eds., Israel’s Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2; New York: Springer, 223-242.
(2021) “Wordplay” in Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Ancient Near East Monographs, Number 26. SBL Press: Atlanta. www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/9780884144762_OA.pdf
Ockinga, Boyo G. (2010) The Memphite Theology - Its Purpose and Date. Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati, Volume II. 99-118
Pedersén, O. (2011). Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon. In E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, M. Ess & J. Marzahn (Ed.), Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident (pp. 47-68). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110222128.47
Pelikan, Jaroslav (1987). Jesus Through the Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Peterson, J. (2017). A Middle Babylonian Sumerian Fragment of the Adapa Myth from Nippur and an Overview of the Middle Babylonian Sumerian Literary Corpus at Nippur. The First Ninety Years, 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501503696-016
Pettinato, Giovanni (1981) The archives of Ebla : an empire inscribed in clay. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday
Podany, Amanda Hills - Department of History, California State Polytechnic University.
(2010) Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. New York and London: Oxford University Press. Paperback 2012.
(2014) Hana and the Low Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 73/1: 51-73.
(2018) Ancient Mesopotamia: Life in the Cradle of Civilization. The Great Courses/Wondrium.
(2019) "Family Members, Neighbors, and a Local Shrine in Terqa, Syria, in the Late Old Babylonian Period" in Rouault Festschrift.
Pollock, Susan (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge University Press, 259 pages.
Pritchard, James B. (1958) The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. 5th Printing, 1971. Princeton University Press.
Rainey, Anson F. (1995) "Unruly Elements in Late Bronze Canaanite Society." pgs. 481- in Milgrom, J. (1995). Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom. United States: Eisenbrauns.
Rendsburg, Gary A. - Department of Jewish Studies at Rutgers University.
Book of Genesis The Great Courses/Wondrium.
(2018) "Seminar - The Book of Genesis as a Product of the United Monarchy - Gary A Rendsburg" Lanier Theological Library - Scholar's Conference, September 14, 2018 https://youtu.be/G3ifnFoewBo
(2021) "The Emergence of Israel in Canaan " (= ch. 3), in John Merrill and Hershel Shanks, eds., Ancient Israel, 4th edition (Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2021), pp. 59-91, 351-355
(2020). Boaz Married Ruth at the Threshing Floor: A Grammatical Solution to Ruth 4:5. TheTorah.com. https://thetorah.com/article/boaz-married-ruth-at-the-threshing-floor-a-grammatical-solution-to-ruth-4-5
RIA = Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (2019) Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. English: Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter. https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla
Christopher A. Rollston (2017). Who Wrote the Torah According to the Torah?. TheTorah.com. https://thetorah.com/article/who-wrote-the-torah-according-to-the-torah
Rothman, Mitchell S. - Widener University, Anthropology, Emerita
Sayers, Dorothy "The Image of God" in The World Treasury of Modern Religious Thought
Scruton, Roger (2003) "The Sacred and the Secular" presented as "Clash of Worldviews" in Faith and the Challenges of Secularism Conference, Princeton University Oct. 10-11, 2003.
SEP = The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Look, Brandon C., "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/leibniz/.
Steer, Roger (1997). George Müller: Delighted in God. Tain, Rosshire: Christian Focus.
Swinburne, Richard (1993) “The Vocation of a Natural Theologian.” in Philosophers Who Believe Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
Thomas, M. A. (2011). These are the Generations: Identity, Covenant, and the 'toledot' Formula. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Academic.
Tov, Emmanuel - J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
DDD = VAN DER TOORN K./BECKING B./VAN DER HORST P.W., eds., (1999), Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Leiden/Boston/Köln
Van Seters, J. (2006). The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the "Editor" in Biblical Critism. United States: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Van Seters, J. (2009). "John Van Seters, Author or Redactor?" The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures: ARCHIVES, 7. https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.v7.a9
Vanstiphout, H. L. J. (2006). Approaches to Sumerian Literature: Studies in Honour of Stip (H.L.J. Vanstiphout). Netherlands: Brill.
Bendt, Alster, NINURTA AND THE TURTLE: ON PARODIA SACRA IN SUMERIAN LITERATURE. pgs. 13-
Wallace, Daniel B. - Professor of New Testament Studies, Dallas Theological Seminary
(2023) Why So Many Versions?
Walton, John H. - Professor of Old Testament, Wheaton College
(2018) Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible
Wang, Xianhua (2011) "The Metamorphosis of Enlil in Early Mesopotamia." Alter Orient und Altes Testament (AOAT) 385, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2011.
Wenham, Gordon (1996) Pentateuchal Studies Today. Themelios 22.1 (October 1996): 3-13.
Wheelwright, Philip (1959). Heraclitus. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Wieseltier, Leon (2015) “Among the Disrupted” New York Times Review of Books, Jan. 18, 2015.
Wiseman, P. J. (1949). New Discoveries in Babylonia About Genesis (5th ed.). Marshall, Morgan & Scott, Ltd.
Whybray, R. N. (1987). The Making of the Pentateuch: A Methodological Study. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Yanai, I., & Lercher, M. (2020). The two languages of science. Genome biology, 21(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02057-5
Zaina, Federico (2020) The Urban Archaeology of early Kish: 3rd Millenium BCE Levels at Tell Ingharra. OrientLab Series Major Vol. 5 https://www.orientlab.net/pubs/