Logic & Philosophy of Language 2-2

II. LOGIC OF CONCEPTS (or LOGIC OF TERMS)

2. Properties of Concepts

1. Meaning (or Sense) and Reference
2. Are the terms "meaning" and "reference" synonyms? If not, what's the difference?
3. Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical Terms
4. When is a term univocal? When is it equivocal? When is a term analogical?
5. Analogy: Notion
6. What's analogy? Does it mean comparison?
   1. Analogy of Proportionality
   2. When does analogy fall under this sort? Why is it called "analogy of proportionality"?
   3. Analogy of Attribution
   4. How about this one? What is it? Why is it called "analogy of attribution"?
7. The Importance of Analogy in the Sciences, in Philosophy and in Theology
8. So analogy is not some theoretical thing after all! It's got some applications? How is it used in the sciences? How is it used in Philosophy? How about in Theology, is it also useful?

MEANING (OR SENSE) AND REFERENCE

• The problem of the distinction between sense and reference appeared in contemporary times with the work of a mathematician, Gottlob Frege (1848-1925).
• How did Frege put the problem across? Let us state it briefly.
  • Consider the two statements
    • (I) "Venus = Venus"
    • (II) "Morning Star = Evening Star".
  • The three terms are names for the same thing.
  • Are the two statements the same? Are they identical?
  • Consider further the following statement:
    • (III) "Morning Star = Morning Star"
  • Why are statements (I), (II), (III) seemingly different, though they talk about the same thing?
  • SOLUTION: Names may have the same REFERENCE (BEDEUTUNG), but different SENSES (SINN).
• How does this fit our semantic triad? Elementary, my dear. BEDEUTUNG is basically our PRAGMATA, and SINN is basically our PATHEMATA. (Aristotle is a real genius, yes? He anticipated problems many centuries in the future.)
• Let us summarise: