Neuroanatomia das Áreas de Brodmann

ARTIGO ORIGINAL DO BRODMANN EM INGLÊS-IMPERDÍVEL

Áreas 3, 1 & 2 - Córtex somatosensitivo primário

Área 4 -Córtex motor primário

Área 5 -Córtex somatosensorial associativo

Área 6 -Córtex pré-motor e Córtex motor suplementar.

Área 7 -Córtex somatosensorial de associação.

Área 8 -Campo frontal dos olhos

Área 9 -Córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral

Área 10 - Córtex pré-frontal anterior (porção mais rostral do giro frontal superior e médio)

Área 11 -Área  Orbitofrontal  (Giro orbital e reto mais a porção mais rostral do giro frontal superior)

Área 12 -Área Orbitofrontal

Área 13 and Area 14* - Córtex Insular

Área 15* -Lobo temporal anterior

Área 17 - Córtex visual primário(V1)

Área 18 - Córtex visual secundário(V2)

Área 19 - Córtex associativo da visão (V3,V4,V5)

Área 20 - Giro temporal inferior

Área 21 - Giro temporal médio

Área 22 - Giro temporal superior-parte dele é considerado área de Wernicke

Área 23 - Córtex ventral-posterior do cíngulo

Área 24 - Córtex ventral-anterior do cíngulo

Área 25 - Córtex Subgenual (parte do córtex pré-frontal Ventromedial )

Área 26 - Porção Ectosplenial da região retrosplenial do córtex cerebral

Área 27 - Córtex Piriforme

Área 28 - Córtex entorhinal posterior

Área 29 - Córtex retrosplenial do cingulate

Área 30 - Parte do córtex do cíngulo

Área 31 - Córtex dorso-aposterior do cíngulo

Área 32 - Córtex dorso-anterior do cíngulo

Área 33 - Parte anterior do córtex do cíngulo

Área 34 - Córtex entorhinal anterior (Localizado no giro Parahipocampal)

Área 35 - Córtex perihinal cortex (Localizado no giro Parahipocampal)

Área 36 - Córtex Parahippocampal (Localizado no giro Parahipocampal)

Área 37 - Giro Fusiforme

Área 38 - Área Temporopolar ( parte rostral do giro temporal superior e médio)

Área 39 - Giro angular-considerado parte da área de Wernicke

Área 40 - Giro Supramarginal-Parte da área de  Wernicke

Áreas 41 e 42 -Córtex primário e de associação auditivo

Área 43 - Córtex gustativo primário

Área 44 - Pars opercular-parte da área de Broca

Área 45 - Pars triangular -Área de Broca

Área 46 - Córtex dorsolateral pré-frontal

Área 47 -Giro pré-frontal inferior

Área 48 - Área retrosubicular  (pequena parte na superfície medial do lobo temporal)

Área 49 - Área parasubiculum em roedores

Área 52 -Área parainsular. (Ao nível da junção do lobo temporal com a ínsula)

 Área 1,2 e 3-Giros pós-central:

Este giro localiza-se no lobo parietal. É ai que se localiza o córtex sematosensorial primário, é a principal área de a sensibilidade tátil.

 Lesão nas áreas 39 e 40 de Broadmann

Pacientes com lesão que envolvam estas duas áreas evoluem com alteração da linguagem grave usualmente apresentando dificuldade para compreender o que está escutando. Lesões desta região usualmente vem acompanhada por afasia de Broca e hemiparesia ou hemiplegia do dimídio direito. Lembrar que para ocorrer  a alteração da linguagem o hemisfério acometido deve ser o dominante.

Brodmann Area 1 - Post Central Gyrus (Somatosensory

Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Homunculus (1)

• Localize pain (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Localize touch and vibration (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

• Localize temperature ( 1, 2, 3, 4)

• Sense of fingers (1, 2, 3)

• Sense of body (1)

• Move hands (1, 2)

• Move mouth and tongue (1, 2)

• Swallowing (1, 2, 3)

• Anticipate pain (1)

• Anticipate tickling (1)

• Mirror neurons (1, 2, 3)

Brodmann Area 2 - Post Central Gyrus (Somatosensory

Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Homunculus (1)

• Agraphesthesia

Brodmann Area 3 - Post Central Gyrus (Somatosensory

Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Homunculus (1)

Brodmann Area 4 - Pre Central Gyrus (Somatosensory

Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Muscle sequences (1, 2, 3)

• Move hands(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Limbs (1, 2, 3)

• Sense of our fingers (1, 2, 3)

• Softness and vibration (1, 2, 3)

• Move tongue and mouth (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Actions, Touches (1, 2)

• Swallow (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Voluntary breathing (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Muscle imagery (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Blinking (1, 2)

• Eye movements (1, 2, 3)

• Bicycling (1)

• Tactile (1)

Brodmann Area 5 - Parietal Lobe Economo-Koskinas

area PE (Somatosensory Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Ordered & chaotic pattern perception (1)

• Spatial imaging in deductive reasoning (1)

• Imagery of movement (1, 2, 3)

• Tool-use and gestures (1, 2)

• Imitation learning (1)

• Mirror neurons for movement (1)

• Bimanual coordination (1)

• Saccades (1, 2, 3)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3, 4)

• What & where of touch (1)

• Localizing pain (1)

• Motor attention (1, 2)

• Imitating finger movements (1)

• Spatial mnemonic processing (1)

Brodmann Area 6 - Frontal Lobe Economo-Koskinas

area FB (Motor Association Cortex Mesulam, 1999)

• Sequential movements (1, 2, 3)

• Object recognition (1)

• Sensorimotor willed actions (1)

• Word repetition (1)

• Attention to visual motion (1)

• Action Knowledge (1)

• Feigned memory impairment (1)

• Action learning (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Start moves (1, 2)

• Muscle imagery (1, 2, 3)

• Imagined moves (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Voluntary breathing (1, 2, 3)

• Saccades (1, 2, 3)

• Laughter, smiling (1)

• Words (a, b, c)

• Language (a, b)

• Language switching (a)

• Understand speech (a, b)

• Lipreading (a)

• Human voices (a)

• Acoustic rhythms (a, b)

• Generate melodies (a)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Mnemonics (1, 2)

• Episodes (1)

• Topographic memory (1)

• Locations (1, 2, 3)

• Self-reflection (1)

• Update locations (1)

• Eye guidance (1)

• Observe Actions (Mirror neurons) (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Solve novelty (1, 2)

• Orchestrate (1)

• Calculation (1, 2)

• Speech muscles (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Novel words (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Phonemes (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Object names (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Deduction (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Inhibit response (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Sequential moves (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Monitor errors (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Strong odors (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Same or different (1) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 7 - Supramarginal Gyrus

Somatosensory Association Cortex

• Economic decisions (1)

• Conscious awareness of visual-spatial events (1 ) - Bilateral

• Goals (1) - Bilateral

• Activation at rest - Default Brain (1) - Bilateral

• Pain (1)

• Recall episodes (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Tool use (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Handwriting and spelling (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Shift attention (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Language (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Literalness (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Imageability (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Personal space (1, 2) - Right Hemisphere

• Estimate (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Meta-emotions (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Visuospatial attention (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Mental rotation (1, 2) - Right Hemisphere

• Stereopsis (1, 2) - Right Hemisphere

• Line bisection judgments (1) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 8 - Pre-Frontal Cortex (Association Cortex -

Mesulam, 1999)

• Muscle learning (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Muscle imagery (1, 2)

• Muscle control (1, 2)

• Saccades (1, 2)

• Laughter, smiling (1)

• Executive control (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Planning (1, 2)

• Speech programs (1)

• Language processing (1)

• Language translation (1)

• Generating sentences (1)

• Lipreading (1)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3 )

• Perceptual priming (1)

• Topographic memory (1)

• Visuospatial and visuomotor attention (1)

• Retrieval of words (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Sequence learning (1, 2)

• Proprioceptive stimulation (1, 2, 3)

• Pain anticipation (1)

• Processing uncertainty (1)

• Inductive reasoning (1)

• Calculation (1, 2)

• Auditory imagery (1)

• Memory retrieval (1, 2)

• Nonconscious saccades (1)

Brodmann Area 9 - Pre-Frontal Cortex Economo-

Koskinas area FD (Frontal Association Cortex)

• Male and female sexual arousal (1)

• Word identification (1)

• Economic decisions (1)

• Lie detection (1)

• Viewing of unpleasant pictures (1)

• Short-term memory (1)

• Recency (1)

• Orchestrate behavior (1)

• Verbal fluency (1)

• Word-stem completion (1)

• Error detection (1)

• Human voices (1) Infer (1, 2,)

• Intentions (1)

• Action authorship (1)

• Energize (1)

• Generate sentences (1)

• Inference (1, 2)

• Idioms (1, 2, 3)

• Categorization (1)

• Suppress sadness (1)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3)

• Spatial memory (1, 2)

• Recognition (1, 2, 3)

• Recall (1, 2, 3)

• Recognize emotions (1)

• Planning (1)

• Calculation (1, 2)

• Familiar odors (1)

Brodmann Area 10 - Pre-Frontal Cortex Economo-

Koskinas area FD (Frontal Association Cortex)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3) - Bilateral

• Spatial memory (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Recognition (1, 2, 3) - Bilateral

• Recall (1, 2, 3) - Bilateral

• Intentional forgetting (1) - Bilateral

• Nonspeech sounds (1) - Bilateral

• Recognize emotions (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Calculation (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Pain (1) - Bilateral

• Joint attention (1) - Bilateral

• Syntax(1) - Left Hemisphere

• Metaphor (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Lexical (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Verbs (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Self-reflection (1) - Right

• Self-appraise (1) - Right

• Economic decisions (1) - Right

• Inferences during reading (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Recall episode (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Nonspeech sounds (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Familiar odors (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Reward vs conflict (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Risk vs benefit (1) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 11 - Higher Order Assocation and

Orbital Frontal Association Cortex (Paralimbic Posterior -

Mesulam, 1999)

• Olfaction (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Nonspeech sounds (1) - Bilateral

• Reward vs conflict (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Unexpected outcomes (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Idioms (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Face-name (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Self-calm (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Odors (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Encoding of words (1) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 12 - Frontal Lobe (12/47 Economo-

Koskinas area FD (Paralimbic & Association Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Hypothesis generation (1)

• Same different discrimination (1)

• Decision making (1)

• Affective value of reinforcers (1)

• Sensitivity to reward and punishment (1)

• Expectation (1)

Brodmann Area 13 - Insular Cortex Economo-Koskinas

area FF (Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Dissociated PTSD (1)

• Maternal and romantic love (1)

• Seeing or making a smile (1)

• Interoceptive Body Status pain localization (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Attend to happy voices (1)

• Hearing pleasant music (1)

• Reward fluctuation (1)

• Pain processing (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Feeling joyful (1)

• Female self reported orgasm ratings (1)

• Mothers viewing photos of their own child (1)

• Mirror movement neurons (1, 2)

• Female sexual arousal to erotica (1)

• Retrieval of words (1)

• Heat (1, 2)

• Touch (1, 2)

• Vibration (1)

• Vestibulation (1)

• Olfaction and taste (1, 2, 3)

• Verbal memory (1, 2, 3)

• Action planning (1)

• Swallowing (1)

• Categorization (1, 2)

• Error awareness (1)

• Motivated reasoning (1)

• Risk-taking (1)

• Emotional inhibition (1)

• Express fear or disgust (1, 2, 3)

• Vocal pitch (1)

• Humor appreciation (1)

• Phonemes (1)

Brodmann Area 14 - only present in monkeys

Brodmann Area 15 - only present in monkeys

Brodmann Area 16 - only present in monkeys

Brodmann Area 17 - Occipital Cortex Economo-

Kosinas area OB (Primary Visual Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Light intensity (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Orderly visual patterns (1, 2)

• Contours (1, 2, 3)

• Colors (1, 2, 3)

• Spatial orientation (1, 2, 3)

• Motion (1)

• Visual attention (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Visual priming (1, 2, 3)

• Help saccade eyes (1)

Brodmann Area 18 - Occipital Cortex Economo-

Kosinas area OB (Primary Visual Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Light intensity (1, 2)

• Motion (1)

• Orderly visual patterns (1, 2)

• Understand finger gestures (1)

• Monitor color and shape (1, 2)

• Visual priming (1, 2)

• Face-name (1)

• Help saccade eyes (1)

Brodmann Area 19 - Occipital Cortex Economo-

Kosinas area OA (Primary Visual Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Conscious awareness of visual-spatial events (1 ) - Bilateral

• Dissociated PTSD (1)

• Light intensity (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Reflective self-awareness (1, 2)

• Visual patterns (1, 2) - Bilateral

• Motion (1, 2, 3, 4) - Bilateral

• Understand finger gestures (1) - Bilateral

• Activation at rest - Default Brain (1)

• Sign language (1)

• Monitor color and shape (1)

• Feature-based attention (1)

• Orientation-selective attention (1)

• Visual priming (1) - Bilateral

• Visual memory recognition (1)

• Spatial working memory (1)

• Phonological demands (1)

• Saccades (1)

• Visual imagery (1, 2)

• Inferential reasoning (1)

• Animacy (1)

• Visuospatial challenge (1)

• Motion (1)

• Visuo-spatial (1, 2)

• Visual priming (1)

• Visual recognition (1)

• Spatial working memory (1)

• Face-name (1)

• Saccades (1)

• Visual imagery (1)

Brodmann Area 20 - Temporal Lobe (Auditory Association

Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Visual fixation (1) - Bilateral

• Identify intention (1) - Bilateral

• Suspicion (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Truth telling (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Process latter parts of sentences (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Visual categorization (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Lexical categories (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Metaphor comprehension (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Language comprehension and production (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Monitor speech (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Category ambiguity (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Perceptual closure (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Working memory (1) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 21 - Temporal Lobe Auditory

Economo-Kosinas area TE (Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3) - Bilateral

• Observe motion (1) - Bilateral

• Complex sounds (1) - Bilateral

• Attribute intention (1) - Bilateral

• Verbal associated novelty (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Monitor text and speech (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Sentence generation (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Word generation (1) - Left Hemisphere

• Deductive reasoning (1, 2) - Left Hemisphere

• Prosody (1, 2) - Right Hemisphere

Brodmann Area 22 - Temporal Lobe Auditory

Economo-Kosinas area TA (Auditory Association Cortex - Mesulam,

1999)

• Sentence generation (1)

• Attend to happy and angry voices (1)

• Word generation (1)

• Monitor speech (1)

• Repeating words (1)

• Complex sounds (1)

• Deductive reasoning (1)

• Auditory language (1, 2)

• Categorization (1, 2)

• Learning tone-based 2nd language (1)

• Affective prosody (1)

• Nonverbal sounds (2)

• Previous eye movements (1)

Brodmann Area 23 - Posterior Cingulate Gyrus

Economo-Koskinas area LC (Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Activation at rest - Default Brain (1)

• Emotional words (1)

• Action memory (1, 2, 3)

• Episodic retrieval (1)

• Recall (1)

• Resolve proactive interference (1)

• Learn complex procedure (1)

• Finger movements (1)

• Temperature processing (1)

• Visual discrimination (1)

• Evaluative judgment (1)

• Self/other distinction (1)

• Classical conditioning (1)

• Lexical categories (1, 2)

• Fear conditioning (1)

• Threatening words (1)

• Mood swings (1)

• Cortical hub in infancy (1)

• Disconnects with trauma (1)

• Word and face encoding (1)

Brodmann Area 24 - Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (Paralimbic

Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Inhibition (1, 2, 3)

• Hearing happy music (1)

• Emotional cues (1, 2, 3)

• Muscle strategy (1, 2, 3)

• Muscle imagery (1)

• Vestibulation (1, 2, 3)

• Pain endurance (1, 2, 3)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3)

• Episodes (1)

• Prospective memory (1)

• Time-based memory (1)

• Visuospatial attention (1, 2, 3)

• Divided attention (1, 2)

• Auditory attention (1, 2)

• Mental timekeeping (1, 2, 3)

• Self-other overlap (1, 2)

• Familiar odors (1, 2, 3)

• Deductive reasoning (1, 2)

• Taste (1, 2)

• Sexual arousal to erotica (1, 2)

• Object-naming (1, 2)

• Verbal fluency (1)

• Induction (1)

• Remembering after delay (1)

• Multitasking (1)

• Worry (1)

• Mood swings (1)

• Sustain response set (1)

• Verbal initiation and suppression (1, 2)

• Memory retrieval (1, 2)

• Conflict monitor (1)

• Monitors consequences of actions (1)

• Suppress aggression (1)

• Mood swings (1)

Brodmann Area 25 - Anterior Cingulate Gyrus &

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Paralimbic Cortex; Mesulam, 1999)

• Moral reasoning (1)

• Evaluate emotional words (1, 2)

Brodmann Area 26 - Paralimbic Cortex (Mesulam,

1999)

• Verbal associated novelty (1)

Brodmann Area 27 - Parahippocampal Gyrus and

Presubiculum - (Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Pattern separation (overlapping representations are made less similar) (1, 2)

• Face memory (1, 2, 3)

• Picture memory (1, 2)

• Auditory memory (1)

• Emotions (1)

• Categories (1, 2, 3)

• Visual memory (1)

• Autobiographical memory (1, 2, 3)

• Olfactory and gustatory memory (1, 2, 3)

• Recognition, recall and retrieval (1, 2, 3)

• Procedural memory consolidation (1, 2, 3)

• Memory for novelty (1)

• Memory for negative stimuli (1, 2, 3)

• Face-based emotional perception (1, 2, 3)

• Erotica (1, 2)

• Experience stress (1)

• Congruent facial movements (mirror neurons) (1)

• Craving (1)

• Hunger (1)

• Embarassment (1)

• Spatial (1, 2, 3)

• Landmarks (1, 2, 3 )

• Novelty (1)

• Past and future events (1, 2)

• Anticipating regret (1)

• Insight (1)

• Decision-making (1)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3,)

Brodmann Area 28 - Parahippocampal Gyrus, Uncus

and Medial Temporal Lobe (Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Deductive and probabilistic reasoning (1)

• Viewing of unpleasant pictures (1)

• Finer grain discriminantion (1)

Brodmann Area 29 - Posterior Cingulate & Superior

Transverse Temporal Gyrus (Cortex Paralimbic Cortex -Mesulam,

1999)

• Novelty activation (1)

• Precautions awareness (1)

• Nonconscious formation of semantic associations (1)

Brodmann Area 30 - Posterior Cingulate & Cuneus

(Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Attending to speech (1)

• Listening to sentences (1)

• Activation to emotional words (1)

• Observation of actions by others (1)

• Activation at rest - Default Brain (1)

• Encoding of words (1)

Brodmann Area 31 - Posterior Cingulate Gyrus (Paralimbic

Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Self-evaluation (1)

Brodmann Area 32 - Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (Paralimbic

Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Visual uncertainty (1)

• Mood regulation (1)

• Sustain response set (1)

• Identify pain (1)

• Self-insight (1)

• Reward (1)

• Reappraise negative emotions (1)

Brodmann Area 33 - Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (Paralimbic

Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Hearing pleasant music (1)

• Female sexual arousal to erotica (1)

Brodmann Area 34 - Superior Temporal Gyrus &

Subcallosal Gyrus-Entorhinal Area (Association

Cortex)

• Processing words at different levels of specificity (1)

• Dissociated PTSD (1)

Brodmann Area 35 - Medial Temporal Lobe &

Parahippocampal Gyrus (Association Cortex)

• Retrieval of words (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Acquisition of new memories

• Spatial mapping

• Novelty detection

• Short-term memory

Brodmann Area 36 - Medial Temporal Lobe &

Parahippocampal Gyrus (Association Cortex)

• Retrieval of words (1) - Right Hemisphere

• Acquisition of new memories

• Spatial mapping

• Novelty detection

• Short-term memory

Brodmann Area 37 - Fusiform Gyrus & Middle

Temporal Gyrus (Auditory-Visual Association Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Episodes (1)

• Faces (1, 2, 3)

• Motion (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Visual fixation (1)

• Monitor color and shape (1, 2)

• Intentions (1)

• Drawing (1)

• Acquisition of new memories

• Spatial mapping

• Novelty detection

• Short-term memory

• Categorization (1, 2, 3)

• Word retrieval (1, 2, 3)

• Sign language (1)

• Metaphor (1)

• Reading (1)

• Face-name (1)

• Deduction (1)

• Numbers (1)

• Familiarity judgments (1)

• Face identity (1)

Brodmann Area 38 - Superior Temporal Gyrus and

Middle Temporal Gyrus (Paralimbic Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Dissociated PTSD (1)

• Intentions (1, 2, 3)

• Moral judgments (1, 2)

• Experience emotions (1, 2, 3)

• Identify emotions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Attachment (1, 2)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3)

• Speech comprehension (1, 2)

• Verbal disambiguation (1)

• Stories (1, 2)

• Aversive sounds (1)

• Familiarity (1)

• Humor (1, 2)

• Self/other (1, 2, 3)

• Attend to speech (1, 2)

• Inferences (1)

• Identify social emotions (1)

• Aversiveness (1)

• People’s names (1)

• Music appreciation (1)

• Familiar voices (1)

• Irony (1)

• Faux pas (1)

• Social behavior (1)

Brodmann Area 39 - Angular Gyrus & Inferior Parietal

Lobe Association Cortex

• Reflective self-awareness (1, 2)

• Reading (1, 2)

• Spatial focusing (1)

• Theory of mind (1)

• Executive control (1)

• Action sequences (1)

• Sentence generation (1)

• Verbal creativity (1)

• Numerical facts (1, 2)

• Calculation (1, 2, 3, 4)

• See differently from others (1)

• Visuospatial (1)

• Sight reading of music (1)

• Self-relevance (1)

• Resolve surprise (1)

• Action authorship (1)

• Situational context (1)

Brodmann Area 40 - Inferior Parietal Lobe Angular

Gyrus (Somatosensory Association Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Attend to phonemes (1)

• Categorization (1)

• Economic decisions (1)

• Verbal creativity (1)

• Aversiveness (1, 2)

• Emotional working memory (1)

• Conscious recollection (1)

• Visual grasping (1)

• Gesture imitation (1, 2)

• Visuomotor planning (1)

• Repetitive passive movements (1)

• Intention/conflict detection (1)

• Somatosensory (1, 2)

• Motion (1, 2)

• Deduction (1, 2)

• Empathy (1)

• Music performance (1)

• Goals (1)

• Imitate novel actions (1)

• Calculation (integer computation) (1)

• Verbal creativity (1)

• Sentences (1)

• Self-reflection (1)

• Same or different (1)

• Sustain attention (1)

Brodmann Area 41 - Superior Transverse Temporal

Gyrus - Auditory Primary (Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Auditory (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Harmony (1, 2)

• Sound intensity (1, 2 ,3 )

• Pitch (1, 2)

• Vowel segregation (1, 2)

• Auditory priming (1, 2)

• Auditory working memory (1)

• Visual speech perception (1, 2)

Brodmann Area 42 - Inferior Transverse Temporal

Gyrus - Auditory Primary (Unimodal Cortex - Mesulam, 1999)

• Auditory (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Harmony (1, 2)

• Sound intensity (1, 2 ,3)

• Pitch (1, 2)

• Vowel segregation (1, 2)

• Auditory priming (1, 2)

• Auditory working memory (1)

• Visual speech perception (1, 2)

Brodmann Area 43 - Gustatory Primary Cortex -

Postcentral and Paracentral Lobule

• Tactile digit stimulation (1)

• Spoken language (1)

Brodmann Area 44 - Inferior Frontal and Extra

Nuclear Gyrus of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

• Word generation (1)

• Unintelligible speech (1 ,2)

• Attend to speech (1)

• Syntactic working memory (1, 2)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3)

• Episodic memory (1)

• Declarative memory (1)

• Mirror other's movements (1, 2, 3)

• Speech programs (1)

• Tactile imagery (1)

• Goals (1)

• Word and face encoding (1)

• Arithmetics (1)

• Object manipulation (1)

• Familiar odors (1, 2)

• Music appreciation (1)

• Linguistic fluency (1, 2, 3)

• Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (1, 2)

• Grammar (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Sequential sounds (1)

• Lexical inflection (1)

• Sentence comprehension (1)

• Imitate finger movements (1)

• Phonemes (1)

• Express emotions (1)

• Speech intonation (1, 2)

• Sentence comprehension (1)

• Inhibition actions (1)

• Generate melodies (1)

• Monitor actions (1)

Brodmann Area 45 - Inferior Frontal and Extra

Nuclear Gyrus of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

• Semantic & phonological processing (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Generate words (1, 2, 3, 4)

• Verbal fluency (1, 2, 3)

• Lexical search (1, 2)

• Phonemes (1, 2)

• Grammar (1)

• Categories (1, 2, 3)

• Sign language (1)

• Reason (1, 2)

• Metaphors (1, 2)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3)

• Episodic memory (1)

• Declarative memory (1)

• Digits (1)

• Mirror movement neurons (1, 2)

• Response inhibition (1, 2, 3)

• Mental rotation (1)

• Word and face encoding (1)

• Aesthetic and music appreciation (1, 2)

• Modulate emotions (1)

• Attend to speech (1)

• Lexical inflection (1)

• Generate melodic phrases (1)

• Familiar odors (1, 2)

• Retrieving categories (1)

• Phonemes (1)

• Affective prosody (1)

• Monitor actions (1)

• Timed behavior (1)

Brodmann Area 46 - Middle Frontal Gyrus

• Memory recognition (1, 2, 3)

• Working memory (1, 2, 3)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3)

• Monitor (1)

• Chewing (1)

• Drawing (1)

• Mirror neurons (1)

• Saccades (1)

• Intention/conflict detection (1)

• Music appreciation (1)

• Willfulness (1)

• Strategy (1)

• Verbal fluency (1, 2)

• Phonemes (1)

• Self-reflection (1)

Brodmann Area 47 - Inferior Frontal

• Dissociated PTSD (1)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Phoneme (1, 2)

• Lexical inflection (1)

• Attend to speech (1)

• Working memory (1, 2)

• Episodic memory (1)

• Adverse emotional inhibition (1)

• Temporal coherence (1)

• Intention (1)

• Deduction (1, 2)

• Idioms (1)

• Make inferences during reading (1)

• Categorization (1, 2, 3)

• Familiar odors (1, 2, 3)

• Retrieve categories (1)

• Music (1)

• Affective prosody (1)

• Behavioral inhibition (1, 2)

• Manage conflict and reward (1)

• Monitor actions (1)

• Monitor unattended information (1)