English questions about neuroanatomy

1. Which of the following is NOT a bone of the neurocranium?

(A) palatine bones

(B) parietal bones

(D) temporal bones

(E) ethmoid bone

2. Which of the following is NOT a bone of the facial skeleton?

(A) maxilla

(B) zygomatic bone

(D) inferior nasal concha

(E) nasal bone

3. The metopic suture is a persistence of which of the following?

(A) frontal suture

(B) coronal suture

(D) lambdoid suture

(E) hypophyseal suture

4. The external occipital protuberance is also known as which of the following?

(A) nasion

(B) inion

(D) pterion

(E) vertebra prominens

5. Which of the following best describes the landmark known as lambda?

(A) point on calvaria at junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures

(B) point on calvaria at junction of sagittal and coronal sutures

squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones

(D) star-shaped landmark at junction of parietomastoid,

occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures

(E) smooth prominence on frontal bone superior to root of nose

6. The superior point of the neurocranium in the midline is known as which of the following?

(A) pterion

(B) bregma

(D) asterion

(E) nasion

7. Which of the following foramina is NOT in the middle cranial fossa?

(A) foramen rotundum

(B) foramen spinosum

(D) groove of greater petrosal nerve

(E) foramen magnum

8. Which of the following foramina is located in the anterior cranial fossa?

(A) foramen cecum

(B) optic canals

(D) foramen ovale

(E) condylar canal

9. Which of the following foramina does NOT transmit emissary veins?

(A) foramen cecum

(B) condylar canal

(D) parietal foramen

(E) anterior ethmoidal foramina

10. The superior orbital fissure transmits all of the following EXCEPT

(A) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

(B) maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

(D) trochlear nerve

(E) abducens nerve

11. All of the following transmit an arterial branch to the meninges EXCEPT

(A) foramen ovale

(B) foramen rotundum

(D) jugular foramen

(E) mastoid foramen

12. The foramina in the cribriform plate transmit which of the following?

(A) axons of olfactory cells

(B) posterior ethmoidal arteries

(D) dural veins

(E) sympathetic plexus

13. In addition to the optic nerves, the optic canals transmit which of the following?

(A) ophthalmic veins

(B) oculomotor nerve

(D) ophthalmic arteries

(E) nerve branches to the meninges

14. The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve is transmitted through which of the following?

(A) foramen rotundum

(B) foramen ovale

(D) foramen spinosum

(E) foramen lacerum

15. Which of the following transmits a nerve branch to the meninges?

(A) foramen spinosum

(B) mastoid foramen

(D) foramen magnum

(E) foramen oval

16. The foramen magnum transmits all of the following EXCEPT

(A) medulla and meninges

(B) vertebral arteries

(D) dural veins

(E) internal carotid artery

17. The jugular foramen transmits all of the following EXCEPT

(A) glossopharyngeal nerve

(B) vagus nerve

(D) inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses

(E) sympathetic plexus

18. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the buccinator?

(A) It is a muscle of mastication.

(B) It is innervated by the facial nerve.

(D) It expels air from the oral cavity.

(E) It draws the mouth to one side when acting unilaterally.

19. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of facial expression?

(A) platysma

(B) nasalis

(D) orbicularis oculi

(E) temporalis

20. The mentalis does which of the following?

(A) elevates eyebrows and skin of forehead

(B) functions as a sphincter of oral opening

(D) elevates and protrudes lower lip

(E) draws ala of nose toward nasal septum

21. The orbicularis oculi is innervated by

(A) optic nerve

(B) oculomotor nerve

(D) trigeminal nerve

(E) facial nerve

22. The facial nerve innervates all of the following EXCEPT

(A) procerus

(B) corrugator supercilii

(D) depressor anguli oris

(E) zygomaticus major

23. All muscles of facial expression develop from which pharyngeal arch?

(A) first arch

(B) second arch

(D) fourth arch

(E) sixth arch

24. Which of the following does NOT insert on the angle of the mouth?

(A) platysma

(B) buccinator

(D) zygomaticus major

(E) depressor septi

25. In respect to the orbicularis oculi, which of the following is true?

(A) Its orbital part delicately closes the eyelids in blinking.

(B) Its palpebral part draws the eyelids medially so that tears may be drained.

(D) It is innervated by a zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.

(E) It takes origin from the skin of the margin of the orbit and the tarsal plate, and it inserts on the lacrimal bone, medial palpebral

ligament, and medial orbital margin.

26. Which of the following cutaneous nerves is derived from the ophthalmic nerve?

(A) external nasal nerve

(B) infraorbital nerve

(D) zygomaticofacial nerve

(E) auriculotemporal nerve

27. Which of the following nerves arises by two roots that surround the middle meningeal artery?

(A) auriculotemporal nerve

(B) buccal nerve

(D) zygomaticotemporal nerve

(E) zygomaticofacial nerve

28. Which of the following nerves is NOT correctly matched with its distribution?

(A) frontal nerve . . . skin of forehead, scalp, eyelid, and nose

(B) supraorbital nerve . . . skin of forehead as far as vertex

(D) infratrochlear . . . skin and conjunctiva of upper eyelid

(E) lacrimal . . . skin on dorsum of nose

29. Which of the following sequences of nerve branches is NOT correct?

(A) ophthalmic nerve . . . frontal nerve . . .

supraorbital nerve

(B) ophthalmic nerve . . . frontal nerve . . .

infratrochlear nerve

(D) mandibular nerve . . . auriculotemporal

nerve

(E) mandibular nerve . . . inferior alveolar

nerve . . . mental nerve

30. Which of the following nerves is correctly

described with respect to its course?

(A) The auriculotemporal travels from the

anterior division of the mandibular

nerve in the infratemporal fossa to reach

the cheek.

(B) The buccal nerve travels from the posterior

division of the mandibular nerve

between the neck of the mandible and

the external acoustic meatus.

palpebral fascia of the upper eyelid near

the lateral canthus of the eye.

(D) The infratrochlear nerve passes superiorly

on the medial surface of the supraorbital

nerve.

(E) The supratrochlear nerve emerges

through the supraorbital notch and

divides into branches.

31. The lacrimal nerve innervates the lacrimal

gland with fibers

(A) from the ophthalmic nerve

(B) borrowed via a communicating branch

from the maxillary nerve

(D) from the optic nerve

(E) from the sympathetic plexus

32. The maxillary nerve gives off branches to

which of the following ganglia?

(A) otic ganglion

(B) ciliary ganglion

(D) pterygopalatine ganglion

(E) geniculate ganglion

33. Which of the following is NOT a branch of the

facial nerve?

(A) temporal

(B) zygomatic

(D) mental

(E) cervical

34. The temporal branch of CN VII does NOT

innervate which of the following?

(A) auricularis superior

(B) auricularis anterior

(D) orbicularis oculi (superior part)

(E) orbicularis oculi (inferior part)

35. Which of the following is true regarding the

stylomastoid foramen?

(A) It is located between the styloid and

mastoid processes of the sphenoid bone.

(B) CN V is transmitted through it.

through it.

(D) The stylomastoid branch of the posterior

auricular artery travels though it.

(E) It is a common site of lesion for the glossopharyngeal

nerve.

36. Which of the following is NOT a branch of the

facial artery?

(A) inferior labial artery

(B) superior labial artery

(D) angular artery

(E) retromandibular artery

37. Which of the following is a branch of internal

carotid artery?

(A) supratrochlear artery

(B) facial artery

(E) mental artery

38. Which of the following is NOT true?

(A) The angular artery is distributed to the

superior part of the cheek and lower

eyelid.

(B) The occipital artery is distributed to the

scalp in the back of the head.

to the parotid gland and duct.

(D) The mental artery is distributed to facial

muscles and skin of the chin.

(E) The supratrochlear artery is distributed

to the muscles and skin of the scalp.

39. Which of the following is NOT contained

within the parotid gland?

(A) facial nerve

(B) facial artery

(D) parotid lymph nodes

(E) branches of the facial nerve

40. Parasympathetic fibers from CN IX travel to

the parotid gland via which of the following

nerves?

(A) auriculotemporal nerve

(B) great auricular nerve

nerve

(D) external carotid nerve plexus

(E) retromandibular nerve

41. Parasympathetic fibers from CN IX synapse in

which ganglion before traveling to the parotid

gland?

(A) otic ganglion

(B) ciliary ganglion

(D) pterygopalatine ganglion

(E) trigeminal ganglion

42. Which of the following lists the layers of the

scalp in the correct order?

(A) skin, connective tissue, auricular layer,

loose connective tissue, pericranium

(B) skin, aponeurosis, connective tissue,

loose connective tissue, pericranium

loose connective tissue, paradural layer

(D) skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis,

loose connective tissue, pericranium

(E) skin, cartilaginous layer, aponeurosis,

loose connective tissue, pericranium

43. Which of the following descriptions is correct?

(A) The superior sagittal sinus runs superior

to the brain in the inferior free border of

the cerebral falx and ends in the straight

sinus.

(B) The inferior sagittal sinus is formed by

the union of the superior sagittal sinus

and the great cerebral vein and ultimately

joins the confluence of the sinuses.

courses in the posterior cranial fossa and

ultimately become the internal jugular

veins.

(D) The occipital sinus lies in the convex

attached border of the cerebral falx, running

from the crista galli to the internal

occiptal protuberance.

(E) The cavernous sinus is situated on each

side of the sella turcica.

44. The cavernous sinus receives blood from all of

the following EXCEPT

(A) superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

(B) superior ophthalmic veins

(D) superficial middle cerebral vein

(E) sphenoparietal sinus

45. Which of the following nerves is NOT contained

within the cavernous sinus?

(A) optic nerve

(B) oculomotor nerve

(D) trigeminal nerve (specifically the

ophthalmic division)

(E) abducent nerve46. Which of the following does NOT contribute

to innervation of the dura mater?

(A) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal

nerve

(B) maxillary division of the trigeminal

nerve

(D) facial nerve

(E) C1, C2, and C3

47. Which of the following is correct in respect to

the brain?

(A) The midbrain is composed of the epithalamus,

dorsal thalamus, and hypothalamus

and surrounds the third ventricle.

(B) The pons is the rostral part of the brainstem

and lies at the junction of the middle

and posterior cranial fossae.

and medulla and ventral to the posterior

part of the cerebrum, beneath the tentorium.

(D) The cavity of the medulla oblongata

forms the inferior part of the fourth

ventricle.

(E) The cerebrum occupies the middle and

posterior cranial fossae and houses the

third and fourth ventricles.

48. Which of the following correctly describes the

flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

(A) lateral ventricles . . . cerebral aqueduct . . .

3rd ventricle . . . interventricular foramen

. . . 4th ventricle . . . median and

lateral apertures . . . subarachnoid space

(B) lateral ventricles . . . interventricular foramen

. . . 3rd ventricle . . . cerebral aqueduct

. . . 4th ventricle . . . median and

lateral apertures . . . subarachnoid space

foramen . . . 3rd ventricle . . . median and

lateral apertures . . . 4th ventricle . . .

cerebral aqueduct . . . subarachnoid

space

(D) lateral ventricles . . . median and lateral

apertures . . . 3rd ventricle . . . cerebral

aqueduct . . . 4th ventricle . . . interventricular

foramen . . . subarachnoid space

(E) lateral ventricles . . . straight sinus . . . 3rd

ventricle . . . confluence of the sinuses . . .

4th ventricle . . . median and lateral apertures

. . . subarachnoid space

49. Which of the following is true regarding the

carotid canal?

(A) The carotid canal is located in the inferior

surface of the sphenoid bone in the

middle cranial fossa.

(B) Structures actually pass across rather

than through the area of the carotid

canal, which is an artifact in dry skulls

and is actually closed by cartilage in life.

carotid artery with associated parasympathetic

nerves.

(D) The carotid canal contains the internal

carotid venous plexus connecting the cavernous

sinus and the internal jugular vein.

(E) The greater petrosal nerve enters behind

and above the carotid canal and leaves

anteriorly as the nerve of the pterygoid

canal.

50. Which of the following foramina is unpaired?

(A) foramen lacerum

(B) greater palatine foramen

(D) lesser palatine foramen

(E) pterygoid canal

51. The oculomotor nerve emerges between which

two arteries of the cerebral arterial circle?

(A) posterior inferior cerebellar artery and

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

(B) anterior inferior cerebellar artery and

labyrinthine artery

artery

(D) superior cerebellar artery and posterior

cerebral artery

(E) posterior cerebral artery and middle

cerebral artery

52. What nerve emerges between the labyrinthine

artery and the anterior inferior cerebellar

artery?

(A) optic

(B) trochlear

(D) abducent

(E) facial

53. Which artery is NOT a branch of the vertebral

artery system?

(A) basilar

(B) posterior cerebral

(D) anterior spinal

(E) ophthalmic

54. Which of the following arteries is correctly

matched with its distribution?

(A) anterior cerebral . . . temporal and occipital

lobes of brain

(B) middle cerebral . . . inferior aspect of

cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

(D) posterior cerebral . . . brainstem and

cerebellum

(E) basilar . . . optic tract, cerebral peduncle,

internal capsule, and

thalamus

55. Which of the following lists best describes the

pathway of tears from the lacrimal glands to

the nasal cavity?

(A) lacrimal ducts . . . lacrimal lake . . .

lacrimal canaliculi . . . lacrimal sac . . .

nasolacrimal duct

(B) lacrimal ducts . . . lacrimal sac . . . lacrimal

canaliculi . . . lacrimal lake . . .

nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal ducts . . . lacrimal sac . . .

nasolacrimal duct

(D) lacrimal canaliculi . . . lacrimal sac . . .

lacrimal ducts . . . lacrimal lake . . .

nasolacrimal duct

(E) lacrimal punctum . . . lacrimal lake . . .

lacrimal papilla . . . lacrimal sac . . . nasolacrimal

duct

56. Which of the following best describes the pathway

of parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal

gland?

(A) CN VII . . . greater petrosal nerve . . .

nerve of the pterygoid canal . . . pterygopalatine

ganglion . . . zygomatic

branch of V2 . . . lacrimal branch of V1

(B) CN IX . . . lesser petrosal nerve . . . nerve

of the pterygoid canal . . . pterygopalatine

ganglion . . . infraorbital branch of

V2 . . . lacrimal branch of V1

ganglion . . . infraorbital branch of V2 . . .

lacrimal branch of V1

(D) CN VII . . . deep petrosal nerve . . . nerve

of the pterygoid canal . . . pterygopalatine

ganglion . . . infratrochlear branch of

V2 . . . lacrimal branch of V1

(E) CN V . . . ophthalmic branch of V1 . . .

lacrimal branch of V1

57. Which of the following muscles does NOT take

its origin from the common tendinous ring?

(A) superior rectus

(B) inferior rectus

(D) medial rectus

(E) superior oblique

58. Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated

by the oculomotor nerve?

(A) levator palpebrae superioris

(B) lateral rectus

(D) inferior oblique

(E) superior rectus

59. Which of the following muscles is NOT properly

matched with it main action?

(A) lateral rectus . . . abducts eyeball

(B) superior rectus . . . elevates, adducts, and

rotates eyeball medially

and rotates eyeball medially

(D) superior oblique . . . adducts, elevates,

and rotates eyeball laterally

(E) inferior oblique . . . abducts, elevates,

and rotates eyeball laterally

60. Which of the following nerves is correctly

matched with its distribution?

(A) long ciliary . . . postsynaptic sympathetic

fibers to the dilator pupillae

(B) short ciliary . . . parasympathetic and

sympathetic fibers to lens and cornea

gland

(D) infratrochlear . . . mucous membrane of

sphenoidal and ethmoid sinuses

(E) ethmoidal . . . conjunctiva and eyelids

61. Which of the following is true in respect to the

ciliary ganglion?

(A) Sympathetic fibers synapse in the ciliary

ganglion.

(B) Afferent fibers from the iris and cornea

pass through the ganglion.

optic nerve and medial rectus.

(D) Parasympathetic fibers in the ganglion

are derived from CN VII.

(E) Parasympathetic fibers in the ganglion

are distributed to the retina and lens.

62. Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch

of the ophthalmic artery?

(A) supraorbital

(B) supratrochlear

(D) anterior ethmoidal

(E) infraorbital

63. Which of the following arteries is correctly

paired with its course and distribution?

(A) central artery of retina . . . runs adjacent

to optic nerve, supplying rods and cones

(B) lacrimal artery . . . runs along medial rectus

to supply lacrimal gland and frontal

sinus

to supply choroid, rods, and cones

(D) long posterior cilaries . . . supplies lens

and cornea

(E) posterior ethmoidal . . . supplies dorsal

aspect of nose

64. Which of the following is NOT contained in

the infratemporal fossa?

(A) parts of temporal, lateral pterygoid, and

medial pterygoid muscles

(B) maxillary artery

(D) mandibular, inferior alveolar, buccal,

and lingual nerves

(E) pterygopalatine ganglion

65. Which of the following muscles is NOT a muscle

of mastication?

(A) buccinator

(B) temporalis

(D) lateral pterygoid

(E) masseter

66. The muscles of mastication are associated with

which branchial arch?

(A) first arch

(B) second arch

(D) fourth arch

(E) fifth arch

67. Which of the following depresses the mandible?

(A) lateral pterygoid

(B) medial pterygoid

(D) masseter

(E) mylohyoid

68. Which of the following is NOT a branch of the

first (mandibular) part of the first part of the

maxillary artery?

(A) deep auricular

(B) anterior tympanic

meningeal

(D) inferior alveolar

(E) descending palatine

69. Which of the following is NOT a branch of

the second (pterygoid) part of the maxillary

artery?

(A) deep temporal

(B) labyrinthine

(D) masseteric

(E) buccal

70. Which of the following branches of the third

(pterygopalatine) part of the maxillary artery

is correctly paired with its distribution?

(A) infraorbital . . . maxillary molar and premolar

teeth, lining of maxillary sinus,

gingival

(B) posterior superior alveolar . . . inferior

eyelid, lacrimal sac, side of nose, superior

lip

glands, mucous membrane of roof

of mouth

(D) artery of pterygoid canal . . . superior

part of pharynx, auditory tube, tympanic

cavity

(E) descending palatine . . . roof of pharynx,

sphenoidal sinus, inferior part of auditory

tube

71. Which of the following is NOT true in respect

to the sphenopalatine artery?

(A) It is the termination of the maxillary

artery.

(B) It supplies the lateral nasal wall.

(D) It supplies the paranasal sinuses.

(E) It is transmitted through the incisive

foramen.

72. Which of the following is true in respect to the

otic ganglion?

(A) It is located in the infratemporal fossa

just inferior to the foramen rotundum.

(B) Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers in

the ganglion are derived from the facial

nerve.

the ganglion are destined for the parotid

gland.

(D) Sympathetic fibers synapse in the ganglion

before continuing on to sweat

glands, erector pili muscles, and blood

vessels.

(E) The ganglion contains cell bodies for

fibers of the trigeminal nerve.

73. Which nerve is NOT correctly matched with

its distribution?

(A) lingual nerve . . . sensation from the

anterior two-thirds of the tongue

(B) lingual nerve . . . sensation from floor of

mouth and lingual gingivae

from anterior two-thirds of tongue

(D) chorda tympani nerve . . . secretomotor

fibers to submandibular and sublingual

glands

(E) chorda tympani nerve . . . motor fibers to

tensor tympani

74. The temporomandibular joint is what type of

joint?

(A) fibrous joint

(B) cartilaginous joint

(D) pivot-type synovial joint

(E) saddle-type synovial joint

75. Which of the following is correct in respect to

the hard palate?

(A) The hard palate is composed primarily

of the maxillary bones.

(B) The incisive canal and foramen transmit

the incisive nerves and greater palatine

vessels.

the nasopalatine nerves and greater

palatine nerve.

(D) The lesser palatine foramina transmit the

lesser palatine nerves but not the lesser

palatine vessels.

(E) The descending palatine artery is a

branch of the internal carotid artery.

76. Which of the following palate muscles is NOT

innervated by the cranial part of the accessory

nerve through a pharyngeal branch of the

vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus?

(A) tensor veli palatini

(B) levator veli palatini

(D) palatopharyngeus

(E) musculus uvulae

77. Which of the following is correctly matched

with its action?

(A) musculus uvulae . . . pulls uvula

inferiorly

(B) palatopharyngeus . . . pulls walls of pharynx

inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally

during swallowing

part of tongue and draws soft palate

away from tongue

(D) levator veli palatini . . . depresses soft

palate during swallowing and yawning

(E) tensor veli palatini . . . opens auditory

tube during swallowing and yawning

78. Which of the following is NOT a type of lingual

papilla?

(A) vallate papillae

(B) foliate papillae

(D) filiform papillae

(E) fungiform papillae

79. Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated

by the hypoglossal nerve?

(A) genioglossus

(B) hyoglossus

(D) palatoglossus

(E) intrinsic muscles of the tongue

80. Which of the following tongue muscles is correctly

paired with its action?

(A) superior and inferior longitudinal . . .

curls tip and sides of tongue and shortens

tongue

(B) transverse . . . flattens and broadens

tongue

(D) genioglossus and hyoglossus . . . elevates

posterior part of tongue

(E) palatoglossus . . . depresses and retracts

tongue

81. Which of the following is true in respect to innervation

of the tongue?

(A) The chorda tympani nerve innervates

the mucosa of the anterior two-thirds

of the tongue in respect to general sensation

(touch and temperature).

(B) The chorda tympani nerve innervates

the anterior two-thirds of the tongue in

respect to special sensation (taste).

one-third of the tongue in respect

to general sensation (touch and temperature).

(D) The lingual nerve innervates the posterior

one-third of the tongue in respect to

special sensation (taste).

(E) The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates

the area of the tongue just anterior to the

epiglottis in respect to both general and

special sensation.

82. How do parasympathetic and taste fibers from

the chorda tympani reach their destination? (A) via the lingual nerve, a branch of the

mandibular division of the trigeminal

nerve

(B) via the lingual nerve, a branch of the

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

(D) via intermingled fibers in the otic ganglion

(E) via the submandibular nerve, a branch of

the hypoglossal nerve

83. Which of the following taste sensations is correctly

paired with its tongue region?

(A) savoriness . . . posterior part

(B) sourness . . . apex

(D) saltiness . . . lateral margins

(E) sweetness . . . posterior part

84. Which of the following vessels is NOT correctly

paired with its respective area of supply

or drainage?

(A) dorsal lingual arteries . . . supply submandibular

gland

(B) deep lingual artery . . . supplies anterior

tongue

gland and floor of mouth

(D) dorsal lingual veins . . . accompany the

lingual artery

(E) deep lingual veins . . . drain the apex of

the tongue, joining the sublingual vein

85. Which of the following is NOT correct?

(A) The parotid gland is supplied by

branches of the external carotid and

superficial temporal arteries.

(B) The submandibular gland is supplied by

the submental artery.

by the parasympathetic fibers of the

glossopharyngeal nerve that synapsed in

the submandibular ganglion.

(D) The sublingual glands are supplied by

the sublingual and submental arteries.

(E) The sublingual glands are innervated by

parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve.

86. Which of the following is NOT an opening to

the pterygopalatine fossa?

(A) pterygomaxillary fissure

(B) sphenopalatine foramen

(D) foramen rotundum

(E) foramen ovale

87. Which of the following is NOT contained in

the pterygopalatine fossa?

(A) third part of maxillary artery

(B) maxillary nerve

(D) pterygopalatine ganglion

(E) optic nerve

88. Which of the following foramina are NOT properly

matched with the structures they transmit?

(A) inferior orbital fissure . . . ophthalmic

nerve, infraorbital vessels, orbital

branches of pterygopalatine ganglion

(B) infraorbital foramen and canal . . . infraorbital

nerve and vessels

canal . . . pharyngeal nerves from maxillary

nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion

and pharyngeal branch of maxillary

artery

(D) zygomaticofacial foramen . . . zygomaticofacial

nerve and vessels

(E) zygomaticotemporal foramen . . .

zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels

89. The nerve of the pterygoid canal is composed

of which of the following?

(A) lesser petrosal nerve and deep petrosal

nerve

(B) greater petrosal nerve and deep petrosal

nerve

(D) maxillary nerve and deep petrosal nerve

(E) maxillary nerve and greater petrosal

nerve

90. The nerve of the pterygoid canal does NOT

innervate which of the following?

(A) lacrimal gland

(B) palatine glands

(D) mucosal glands of upper pharynx

(E) submandibular gland

91. Which of the following paranasal sinuses communicates

with the nasal cavity in the superior

meatus?

(A) posterior ethmoidal sinuses

(B) frontal sinus

(D) sphenoidal sinus

(E) maxillary sinus

92. Where does the nasolacrimal duct communicate

with the nasal cavity?

(A) superior meatus

(B) middle meatus

(D) nasopharynx

(E) sphenoidal sinus

93. Which of the following is a separate bone?

(A) superior nasal concha

(B) middle nasal concha

(D) crista galli

(E) glabella

94. Which of the following does NOT supply the

medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

(A) sphenopalatine artery

(B) anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

(D) infraorbital artery

(E) superior labial artery

95. Which of the following does NOT innervate

the nasal mucosa?

(A) sphenopalatine nerve

(B) nasopalatine nerve

(D) anterior ethmoidal nerve

(E) posterior ethmoidal nerve

96. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding

innervation of the ear?

(A) The auricle is innervated by the great

auricular nerve and auriculotemporal

nerve.

(B) The external surface of the tympanic

membrane is innervated by the auriculotemporal

nerve and even a small

branch of the vagus.

by the tympanic plexus (fibers from

the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves).

(D) The internal surface of the tympanic

membrane is innervated by the

glossopharyngeal nerve.

(E) Sensory cell bodies of the vestibulocochlear

nerve are located in the geniculate

ganglion.

97. Which of the following correctly describes a

wall of the tympanic cavity and its underlying

structure?

(A) tegmental roof . . . cochlea, contained in

the promontory

(B) floor . . . superior bulb of internal jugular

vein

cranial fossa

(D) anterior wall . . . mastoid cells and facial

nerve

(E) posterior wall . . . carotid canal

98. Which of the following is NOT contained in

the tympanic cavity?

(A) auditory ossicles

(B) tympanic plexus

(D) lesser petrosal nerve

(E) stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

99. Which of the following is NOT true in respect

to the pharyngotympanic tube? (A) The salpingopharyngeus closes the tube.

(B) It opens posterior to the inferior meatus

of the nasal cavity.

with atmospheric pressure.

(D) The tensor veli palatini and levator veli

palatini work together to open the tube.

(E) It is supplied by the ascending pharyngeal

artery, middle meningeal artery,

and artery of the pterygoid canal.

100. What innervates the tensor tympani?

(A) maxillary nerve

(B) mandibular nerve

(D) vestibulocochlear nerve

(E) vagus

101. Which of the following is true?

(A) The malleus articulates with the stapes

and is moved by the tensor tympani.

(B) The round window is an opening in the

medial wall of the tympanic cavity leading

to the vestibule of the inner ear and

is closed by the base of the stapes.

damage to the internal ear when one

hears loud noises.

(D) The stapedius is innervated by the

chorda tympani.

(E) The stapedius pulls the stapes anteriorly

and flattens its base, loosening the annular

ligament and increasing oscillatory

range.

102. Which of the following foramina is NOT correctly

matched with its function?

(A) cochlear aqueduct . . . allows bony

labyrinth to communicate with subarachnoid

space; also contains

labyrinthine vein

(B) aqueduct of the vestibule . . . transmits

endolymphatic duct, an artery, and a

vein

vestibulocochlear nerve and vestibular

artery

(D) mastoid canaliculus . . . transmits auricular

branch of the vagus

(E) tympanic canaliculus . . . tympanic

branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

103. Which of the following is true?

(A) The cochlear labyrinth is composed of

the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular

canals.

(B) The membranous labyrinth contains perilymph.

duct to the spiral canal of the cochlea.

(D) The spiral membrane forms the floor of

the cochlear duct.

(E) The saccule is continuous with the cochlear

duct through the ductus reuniens.

104. Which of the following is NOT true in respect

to typical cervical vertebrae?

(A) They have short, bifid spinous processes.

(B) The inferior facets of articular processes

are directed inferoposteriorly, and superior

facets are directed superoposteriorly.

transversarium, which transmits

the vertebral vein and artery except for

C7, where it transmits only the vertebral

artery.

(D) The vertebral foramen is large and

triangular.

(E) The vertebral body is small, with a concave

superior surface and a convex inferior

surface.

105. Which fascial layer is NOT correctly matched

with the structures it encloses?

(A) superficial cervical fascia . . . platysma

(B) investing layer of deep cervical fascia . . .

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

fascia . . . suprahyoid muscles

(D) prevertebral layer of deep cervical

fascia . . . longus colli, longus capitis,

scalenes, deep cervical muscles

(E) carotid sheath . . . carotid arteries, internal

jugular vein, vagus

106. Which of the following is NOT a superior

attachment of the trapezius?

(A) lateral surface of mastoid process

(B) medial third of superior nuchal line

(D) ligamentum nuchae

(E) spinous processes of C7–T12

107. Which of the following is NOT correct in respect

to the posterior triangle of the neck?

(A) Its anterior boundary is formed by the

posterior border of the SCM.

(B) Its posterior boundary is formed by the

anterior border of the trapezius.

middle third of the clavicle.

(D) Its roof is formed by the platysma.

(E) Its floor is formed by the muscles covered

by the prevertebral layer of deep

cervical fascia.

108. The anterior triangle of the neck does NOT contain

which of the following smaller triangles?

(A) supraclavicular triangle

(B) submandibular triangle

(D) carotid triangle

(E) muscular triangle

109. Which of the following muscles is NOT contained

in the posterior cervical triangle?

(A) splenius capitis

(B) levator scapulae

(D) posterior scalene

(E) stylohyoid

110. Which of the following is a suprahyoid muscle?

(A) mylohyoid

(B) sternohyoid

(D) sternothyroid

(E) thyrohyoid

111. Which of the following is innervated by the

trigeminal nerve?

(A) mylohyoid

(B) geniohyoid

(D) posterior belly of the digastric

(E) thyrohyoid

112. Which of the following is NOT an anterior vertebral

muscle?

(A) longus colli

(B) longus capitis

(D) rectus capitis anterior

(E) rectus capitis lateralis

113. Of the following, which is innervated by the

dorsal rami?

(A) splenius capitis

(B) levator scapulae

(D) middle scalene

(E) anterior scalene

114. Which of the following NEVER exists?

(A) middle thyroid artery

(B) middle thyroid vein

(D) parathyroid veins

(E) anterior jugular vein

115. Which of the following contains PAIRED

laryngeal cartilages?

(A) thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic

(B) arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

(D) corniculate, cricoid, cuneiform

(E) cuneiform, corniculate, epiglottic

116. Which of the following intrinsic laryngeal

muscles is NOT innervated by the recurrent

laryngeal nerve?

(A) transverse arytenoids

(B) oblique arytenoids(C) cricothyroid

(D) posterior cricoarytenoid

(E) lateral cricoarytenoid

117. Which of the following is the primary tensor of

the vocal fold?

(A) cricothyroid

(B) thyroarytenoid

(D) aryepiglottic

(E) posterior cricoarytenoid

118. Which of the following abducts the vocal fold?

(A) vocalis

(B) transverse arytenoids

(D) thyroarytenoid

(E) posterior cricoarytenoid

119. Which of the following is the sensory nerve of

the larynx?

(A) external laryngeal nerve

(B) recurrent laryngeal nerve

(D) paratracheal nerve

(E) inferior thyroid nerve

120. Which of the following are commonly referred

to as the adenoids?

(A) pharyngeal tonsils

(B) submandibular glands

(D) lingual tonsils

(E) sublingual glands

121. Which of the following is NOT innervated by

the cranial root of the accessory nerve?

(A) middle constrictor

(B) inferior constrictor

(D) salpingopharyngeus

(E) stylopharyngeus

122. Which of the following has an insertion on the

pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone?

(A) superior constrictor

(B) middle constrictor

(D) salpingopharyngeus

(E) stylopharyngeus

123. Which of the following passes through the gap

between the superior constrictor and the skull?

(A) tensor veli palatini

(B) ascending palatine artery

(D) stylohyoid ligament

(E) stylopharyngeus

124. Which of the following passes through the gap

between the superior and middle constrictors?

(A) glossopharyngeal nerve

(B) levator veli palatini

(D) superior laryngeal artery

(E) superior laryngeal vein

125. Which of the following passes through the

gap between the middle and inferior constrictors?

(A) superior laryngeal artery

(B) stylopharyngeus

(D) recurrent laryngeal nerve

(E) inferior laryngeal artery

126. Which of the following passes through the gap

inferior to the inferior constrictor?

(A) vagus nerve

(B) internal laryngeal nerve

(D) inferior laryngeal artery

(E) superior laryngeal vein

127. Which of the following is correct?

(A) Le Fort I fracture: horizontal fracture of

the maxillae

(B) Le Fort I fracture: fracture through the

maxillary sinuses, infraorbital foramina,

lacrimals, and ethmoids

through superior orbital fissures, ethmoid

and nasal bones, and greater wings

of the sphenoids

(D) Le Fort III fracture: horizontal fracture of

the maxillae

(E) Le Fort III fracture: fracture through the

maxillary sinuses, infraorbital foramina,

lacrimals, and ethmoids

128. Which of the following is NOT present at birth?

(A) styloid process

(B) mastoid process

(D) tympanic membrane

(E) clavicles

129. The inferior alveolar nerve is best blocked at

which location for dental work?

(A) mental foramen

(B) greater palatine foramen

(D) mandibular foramen

(E) lingual foramen

130. A lesion to the zygomatic branch of CN VII

would cause which of the following?

(A) the inability to empty food from the

vestibule of the cheeks

(B) a drooping corner of the mouth

(D) paralysis of the muscles of mastication

(E) a drooping lower eyelid

131. The facial veins make clinically important connections

with the cavernous sinus through

which veins?

(A) lingual veins

(B) trigeminal veins

(D) great cerebral vein

(E) meningeal veins

132. An epidural hematoma consists of blood from

which vessel?

(A) middle meningeal artery

(B) cerebral veins

(D) circle of Willis

(E) vertebral artery

133. Cerebral compression is NOT attributed to

which of the following?

(A) intracranial collections of blood

(B) obstruction of CSF flow

(D) edema of brain

(E) viral accumulation at blood-brain barrier

134. Ptosis results from a lesion of which nerve?

(A) optic nerve

(B) oculomotor nerve

(D) trigeminal nerve

(E) abducens nerve

135. Horner syndrome is caused by a lesion of which

of the following?

(A) oculomotor nerve

(B) trigeminal nerve

(D) vagus nerve

(E) cervical sympathetic trunk

136. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of

Horner syndrome?

(A) pupillary constriction

(B) ptosis

(D) absence of sweating on face and neck

(E) lack of lacrimation

137. A lesion of the hypoglossal nerve would result

in which of the following?

A) loss of taste on posterior one-third of

tongue

(B) deviation of protruded tongue toward

unaffected side

affected side

(D) inability to retract tongue

(E) loss of salivation

138. What type of injury or condition might cause

a lesion to the olfactory tract?

(A) fracture involving optic canal

(B) fracture of cribriform plate

(D) pituitary tumor

(E) epidural hematoma

139. Sagging of the soft palate, deviation of the

uvula to the normal side, and hoarseness

might be caused by a lesion to which nerve?

(A) facial nerve

(B) glossopharyngeal nerve

(D) accessory nerve

(E) hypoglossal nerve

140. A superficial neck laceration might result in

which abnormal finding?

(A) paralysis of the scm and superior

fibers of the trapezius, drooping of the

shoulder

(B) paralysis of the mylohyoid, anterior

belly of the digastric, tensor tympani,

and tensor veli palatini

digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius

(D) anosmia

(E) tinnitus

141. The eye is turned down and out. What type

and site of lesion do you expect?

(A) fracture of cribriform plate

(B) stretching of a nerve as it courses around

the brainstem

region

(D) pressure from herniating uncus on the

nerve or fracture in the cavernous sinus

(E) acoustic neuroma

142. A laceration or contusion in the parotid region

or a fracture of the temporal bone might damage

which nerve?

(A) trigeminal nerve

(B) abducens nerve

(D) glossopharyngeal nerve

(E) vagus nerve

143. Which nerve might be damaged by a fracture

involving the cavernous sinus?

(A) olfactory tract

(B) optic nerve

(D) facial nerve

(E) vestibulocochlear nerve

144. The stylopharyngeus is associated with which

branchial arch?

(A) first

(B) second

(D) fourth

(E) sixth

145. The arytenoid and cricoid cartilages and laryngeal

connective tissue are formed by what?

(A) lateral plate mesoderm

(B) paraxial mesoderm

(D) ectodermal placodes

(E) endoderm

146. Which of the following prominences is NOT

correctly paired with the structures formed

from it?

(A) frontonasal: forehead, bridge of nose

(B) maxillary: lateral portion of upper lip

and tip of nose

(D) lateral nasal: alae of nose

(E) mandibular: cheeks

ANSWERS

1. (A) The bones of the neurocranium include the

frontal bone, paired parietal bones, paired temporal

bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid

bone, and the ethmoid bone (Moore, p 832).

2. (C) The bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium

or splanchnocranium) include the vomer,

the mandible, inferior nasal conchae, the palatine

bones, the zygomatic bones, the maxillae,

the nasal bones, and the lacrimal bones (Moore,

p 832).

3. (A) When the frontal suture persists, it is

known as the metopic suture (Moore, p 834).

4. (B) The external occipital protuberance is also

known as the inion (Moore, p 839).

5. (A) Lambda is the point on the calvaria at the

junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

(Moore, p 842).

6. (C) The vertex is the superior point of the neurocranium

in the midline (Moore, p 842).

7. (E) The foramen magnum is in the posterior

cranial fossa (Moore, p 846).

8. (A) The foramen cecum is located in the anterior

cranial fossa (Moore, p 846).

9. (E) The anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

transmit anterior and posterior ethmoidal

arteries and nerves, not emissary veins (Moore,

p 846).

10. (B) The superior orbital fissure transmits the

ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic division of the

trigeminal nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear

nerve, abducens nerve, and sympathetic fibers

(Moore, p 846).

11. (B) The foramen ovale transmits the accessory

meningeal artery. The foramen spinosum transmits

the middle meningeal artery. The groove

of the greater petrosal nerve transmits the

petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery.

The jugular foramen transmits the meningeal

branches of the ascending pharyngeal and occipital

arteries. The mastoid foramen transmits

the meningeal branch of the occipital artery

(Moore, p 846).

12. (A) The foramina in the cribriform plate transmit

axons of olfactory cells in the olfactory epithelium

(Moore, p 846).

13. (D) The optic canals transmit the optic nerves

and the ophthalmic arteries (Moore, p 846).

14. (A) The foramen rotundum transmits the maxillary

division of the trigeminal nerve (Moore,

p 846).

15. (A) The foramen spinosum transmits the meningeal

branch of the mandibular division of the

trigeminal nerve (Moore, p 846).

16. (E) The foramen magnum transmits the medulla

and meninges, vertebral arteries, spinal

roots of the accessory nerve, dural veins, and the

anterior and posterior spinal arteries (Moore,

p 846).

17. (E) The jugular foramen transmits the glossopharyngeal

nerve, vagus nerve, accessory

nerve, internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal

and sigmoid sinuses, and meningeal branches

of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

(Moore, p 846).

18. (A) The buccinator, a muscle of facial expression,

is innervated by the facial nerve. It presses

the cheek against the molar teeth to assist in

chewing, and it expels air from the oral cavity.

It also draws the mouth to one side when acting

unilaterally (Moore, p 851).

19. (E) The temporalis is a muscle of mastication,

not of facial expression (Moore, p 851).

20. (D) The mentalis elevates and protrudes the

lower lip (Moore, p 851).

21. (E) The facial nerve innervates the orbicularis

oculi (Moore, p 851).

22. (C) The trigeminal nerve innervates the masseter

(Moore, p 921).

23. (B) The muscles of facial expression develop

from the second pharyngeal arch (Moore, p 852).

24. (E) The depressor septi inserts into part of the

nasal septum and widens the alar part of the

nasalis muscle during deep inspiration (Moore,

p 856).

25. (D) The orbicularis oculi is innervated by a

zygomatic branch of the facial nerve (Moore,

pp 851, 855–856).

26. (A) The external nasal nerve is a cutaneous

nerve derived from the ophthalmic nerve

(Moore, p 857).

27. (A) The auriculotemporal nerve arises by two

roots that surround the middle meningeal

artery (Moore, p 861).

28. (E) The lacrimal nerve is distributed to the

lacrimal gland and a small area of skin as well

as part of the conjunctiva. The external nasal

nerve is distributed to skin on the dorsum of

the nose, including the tip of the nose (Moore,

p 860).

29. (B) The ophthalmic nerve gives rise to the nasociliary

nerve, which in turn gives rise to the

infratrochlear nerve (Moore, p 860).

30. (C) The lacrimal nerve passes through the palpebral

fascia of the upper eyelid near the lateral

canthus of the eye (Moore, p 860).

31. (B) The lacrimal nerve innervates the lacrimal

gland with fibers borrowed via a communicating

branch from the maxillary nerve (Moore,

p 859).

32. (D) The maxillary nerve gives off branches to

the pterygopalatine ganglion (Moore, p 859).

33. (D) The mental nerve is a branch of the trigeminal

nerve (Moore, p 863).

34. (E) The zygomatic branch of CN VII innervates

the inferior part of the orbicularis oculi

(Moore, p 863).

35. (D) The stylomastoid foramen is located between

the styloid and mastoid processes of the

temporal bone. CN VII and the stylomastoid

branch of the posterior auricular artery travel

through it (Moore, p 862).

36. (E) The facial artery has the following branches:

inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, and

angular (Moore, p 866).

37. (A) The supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries

are branches of the internal carotid artery,

while most other arteries of the face are

branches of the external carotid artery (Moore,

p 866).

38. (C) The superficial temporal artery supplies

the facial muscles and skin of the frontal and

temporal regions, while the transverse facial

artery supplies the parotid gland and duct

as well as muscles and skin of the face (Moore,

p 866).

39. (B) Within the parotid gland are found the facial

nerve and its branches, the retromandibular

vein, the external carotid artery, and parotid

lymph nodes (Moore, p 870). 40. (A) The parasympathetic component of the

glossopharyngeal nerve travels to the parotid

gland via the auriculotemporal nerve (Moore,

p 870).

41. (A) Parasympathetic fibers from CN IX synapse

in the otic ganglion before traveling to the

parotid gland (Moore, p 870).

42. (D) The scalp is composed of skin, connective

tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue,

and pericranium (Moore, p 872).

43. (E) The cavernous sinus is situated on each

side of the sella turcica. It extends on each side

from the superior orbital fissure to the petrous

part of the temporal bone (Moore, p 880).

44. (A) The cavernous sinus receives blood from

the superior ophthalmic veins, the inferior ophthalmic

veins, the superficial middle cerebral

vein, and the sphenoparietal sinus (Moore,

p 880).

45. (A) The cavernous sinus contains the internal

carotid artery with its small branches, the carotid

plexus of sympathetic nerves, the oculomotor

nerve, the trochlear nerve, the trigeminal

nerve (the ophthalmic division and occasionally

the maxillary division), and the abducent

nerve (Moore, p 882).

46. (D) The dura mater is innervated by all three

divisions of the trigeminal nerve, C1–C3, and

possibly the vagus nerve (Moore, p 883).

47. (D) The cavity of the medulla oblongata forms

the inferior part of the fourth ventricle.

48. (B) Cerebrospinal fluid flows from each lateral

ventricle through an interventricular foramen

into the 3rd ventricle, then through the cerebral

aqueduct into the 4th ventricle, and finally

through median and lateral apertures into the

subarachnoid space (Moore, p 899).

49. (D) The carotid canal is located in the inferior

surface of the petrous temporal bone in the

middle cranial fossa and contains the internal

carotid artery, sympathetic plexus, and internal

carotid venous plexus (Moore, p 893).

50. (C) The foramen cecum is unpaired (Moore,

p 846).

51. (D) The oculomotor nerve emerges between

the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior

cerebral artery (Moore, p 894).

52. (D) The abducent nerve emerges between the

labyrinthine artery and the anterior inferior

cerebellar artery (Moore, p 894).

53. (E) The vertebral artery system has the following

branches: posterior communicating,

posterior cerebral, basilar, superior cerebellar,

anterior inferior cerebellar, posterior inferior

cerebellar, labyrinthine, and anterior spinal.

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal

carotid artery system (Moore, p 895).

54. (C) The middle meningeal artery supplies

more blood to the calvaria than to the dura,

which is supplied by the vertebral artery (Moore,

pp 883, 895).

55. (A) Tears flow from the lacrimal ducts across

the eye to the lacrimal lake. The tears then pass

through the lacrimal punctum on the lacrimal

papilla, into the lacrimal canaliculi, and into

the lacrimal sac, which is the widened end of

the nasolacrimal duct (Moore, pp 901–902).

56. (A) Parasympathetic fibers from CN VII travel

first via the greater petrosal nerve and then via

the nerve of the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine

ganglion, where they synapse with

postsynaptic fibers. These fibers join the zygomatic

branch of V2, which in turn conveys the

fibers to the lacrimal branch of V1 (via a communicating

branch). This nerve delivers the

parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland

(Moore, p 903).

57. (E) The superior oblique takes its origin from

the body of the sphenoid bone, while all four

rectus muscles take origin from the common

tendinous ring (Moore, p 910).

58. (B) The lateral rectus is innervated by the abducent

nerve (Moore, p 910). 59. (D) The superior oblique abducts, depresses,

and rotates the eyeball medially (Moore, p 910).

60. (A) The long ciliary nerves convey postsynaptic

sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae

and afferent fibers from the iris and cornea

(Moore, pp 911–912).

61. (B) Afferent fibers from the iris and cornea pass

through the ciliary ganglion (Moore, p 912).

62. (E) The infraorbital artery is a branch of the

third part of the maxillary artery (Moore, p 913).

63. (C) The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce

the sclera near the optic nerve and supply the

choroid, which subsequently supplies the rods

and cones of the retina (Moore, p 913).

64. (E) The infratemporal fossa contains the otic—

not the pterygopalatine—ganglion (Moore,

p 920).

65. (A) The buccinator is a muscle of facial expression,

not a muscle of mastication (Moore, p 921).

66. (A) The muscles of mastication are associated

with the first branchial arch and are innervated

by the trigeminal nerve (Moore, p 921).

67. (A) The lateral pterygoids, when acting

together, depress and protrude the mandible,

with the assistance of the suprahyoid muscles,

infrahyoid muscles, and gravity (Moore,

pp 921, 926).

68. (E) The descending palatine artery is a branch

of the third (pterygopalatine) part of the maxillary

artery (Moore, pp 920, 922).

69. (B) The labyrinthine artery is a branch of the

basilar artery, which is part of the vertebral

artery system (Moore, p 895).

70. (D) The artery of the pterygoid canal supplies

the superior part of the pharynx, the auditory

tube, and the tympanic cavity (Moore, p 922).

71. (E) The sphenopalatine artery is transmitted

through the sphenopalatine foramen along with

the nasopalatine and superior nasal nerves

(Moore, pp 922, 950).

72. (C) Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers pass

from the ganglion to the parotid gland via the

auriculotemporal nerve (Moore, pp 922–923).

73. (E) The tensor tympani is innervated by the

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

(Moore, p 971).

74. (C) The temporomandibular joint is a modified

hinge-type synovial joint (Moore, p 923).

75. (A) The hard palate is composed of the palatine

processes of the maxillary bones as well as

the horizontal plates of the palatine bones

(Moore, p 935).

76. (A) The tensor veli palatini is innervated by the

medial pterygoid nerve, which is a branch of

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

(Moore, p 939).

77. (E) The tensor veli palatini tenses the soft palate

and opens the mouth of the auditory tube

during swallowing and yawning (Moore, p 939).

78. (C) The four types of lingual papillae are the

vallate papillae, foliate papillae, filiform papillae,

and fungiform papillae (Moore, pp 940–941).

79. (D) The hypoglossal nerve innervates the four

intrinsic muscles of the tongue in addition to

the following three extrinsic muscles of the

tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus.

The vagus innervates the palatoglossus,

which is both an extrinsic tongue muscle

and a palate muscle (Moore, p 942).

80. (E) The genioglossus depresses the tongue and

assists in protrusion. The hyoglossus depresses

and retracts the tongue. The styloglossus retracts

the tongue and draws it up for swallowing.

The palatoglossus elevates the posterior

part of the tongue. The superior and inferior

longitudinal muscles curl the tip and sides of

the tongue and shorten it. The transverse narrows

and elongates the tongue, assisting in protrusion.

The vertical flattens and broadens the

tongue, assisting in protrusion (Moore, p 942).

81. (B) In respect to general sensation (touch and

temperature), the mucosa of the anterior twothirds

of the tongue is innervated by the lingual

nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular

division of the trigeminal nerve. The mucosa of

the posterior one-third of the tongue is innervated

by the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal

nerve, and the mucosa of the area just

anterior to the epiglottis is innervated by small

branches of the internal laryngeal nerve, which

is a branch of the vagus. In respect to special

sensation (taste), the chorda tympani, which

is a branch of the facial nerve, innervates the

anterior two-thirds of the tongue except for

the vallate papillae in the posterior one-third

of the tongue, which are innervated by the lingual

branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Branches of the internal laryngeal nerve of the

vagus innervate the area anterior to the epiglottis

in respect to taste (Moore, p 944).

82. (A) Parasympathetic and taste fibers from the

chorda tympani reach their destination by joining

the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular

division of the trigeminal nerve (Moore,

p 944).

83. (D) Sweetness is detected on the apex, or tip,

of the tongue, saltiness on the lateral margins,

and sourness and bitterness on the posterior

part (Moore, p 944).

84. (A) The dorsal lingual arteries supply the

posterior tongue and the palatine tonsil, while

the deep lingual artery supplies the anterior

tongue. The sublingual artery supplies the sublingual

gland and the floor of the mouth. The

dorsal lingual veins accompany the lingual artery,

and the deep lingual veins drain the apex

of the tongue, ultimately joining the sublingual

vein (Moore, p 944).

85. (C) The parotid gland is supplied by branches

of the external carotid and superficial temporal

arteries and innervated by the glossopharyngeal

nerve. The submandibular gland is

supplied by the submental artery and innervated

by the parasympathetic fibers of the facial

nerve that synapsed in the submandibular

ganglion. The sublingual glands are supplied

by the sublingual and submental arteries and

innervated by parasympathetic fibers of the

facial nerve (Moore, p 948).

86. (E) Openings to the pterygopalatine fossa include

the pterygomaxillary fissure, sphenopalatine

foramen, inferior orbital fissure, foramen

rotundum, and pterygoid canal (Moore, p 950).

87. (E) The pterygopalatine fossa contains the third

part of maxillary artery, the maxillary nerve, the

nerve of the pterygoid canal, and the pterygopalatine

ganglion (Moore, p 950).

88. (A) The inferior orbital fissure transmits the

infraorbital and zygomatic branches of the maxillary

nerve, the infraorbital vessels, the inferior

ophthalmic veins, and the orbital branches of

the pterygopalatine ganglion (Moore, p 951).

89. (B) The greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic

fibers of the facial nerve) joins the deep

petrosal nerve (sympathetic nerves from the

internal carotid plexus) to form the nerve of the

pterygoid canal (Moore, p 951).

90. (E) The nerve of the pterygoid canal innervates

the lacrimal gland, the palatine glands,

the mucosal glands of the nasal cavity, and

the mucosal glands of upper pharynx (Moore,

p 951).

91. (A) The superior meatus is a narrow passage,

inferior to the superior nasal concha, in which

the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open. The middle

meatus contains openings to the frontal sinus,

maxillary sinus, and anterior and middle

ethmoidal sinuses (Moore, p 956).

92. (C) The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior

meatus (Moore, p 956).

93. (C) The inferior nasal concha is a separate

bone, whereas the superior and middle nasal

conchae are simply extensions of the ethmoid

bone (Moore, p 832).

94. (D) The medial and lateral walls of the nasal

cavity are supplied by the sphenopalatine artery,

anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, greater palatine artery, and superior labial artery

(Moore, p 956).

95. (A) The nasal mucosa is innervated by the

nasopalatine nerve, greater palatine nerve, anterior

ethmoidal nerve, and posterior ethmoidal

nerve (Moore, p 956).

96. (E) The auricle is innervated by the great auricular

nerve and auriculotemporal nerve. The

external surface of the tympanic membrane is

innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve and

even a small branch of the vagus. The internal

surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated

by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The

pharyngotympanic tube is innervated by the

tympanic plexus (fibers from the facial and glossopharyngeal

nerves). The sensory cell bodies

of the vestibulocochlear nerve are located in

the spiral and vestibular ganglia (Moore, pp 962,

967, 969, 975).

97. (B) The dura mater of the floor of the middle

cranial fossa is superior to the tegmental roof.

The internal jugular vein is inferior to the floor.

The lateral membranous wall is formed by the

epitympanic recess and contains the head of the

malleus. The medial labyrinthine wall separates

the tympanic cavity from the internal ear,

which contains the cochlea. The anterior carotid

wall separates the tympanic cavity from

the carotid canal. The posterior mastoid wall

guards the mastoid cells and the facial nerve

(Moore, p 967).

98. (D) The tympanic cavity contains the auditory

ossicles, tympanic plexus, chorda tympani

nerve, and stapedius and tensor tympani

muscles (Moore, p 967).

99. (A) The pharyngotympanic tube opens posterior

to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

and serves to equalize the pressure in the middle

ear with atmospheric pressure. The tensor

veli palatini and levator veli palatini work

together to open the tube, which is supplied

by the ascending pharyngeal artery, middle

meningeal artery, and artery of the pterygoid

canal (Moore, p 969).

100. (B) The mandibular division of the trigeminal

nerve innervates the tensor tympani (Moore,

p 971).

101. (C) The tensor tympani assists in preventing

damage to the internal ear when one hears loud

noises by pulling the handle of the malleus medially,

thereby tensing the tympanic membrane

and reducing the amplitude of its oscillations

(Moore, p 971).

102. (C) The internal acoustic meatus transmits the

facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, and labyrinthine

artery (Moore, p 976).

103. (E) The saccule is continuous with the cochlear

duct through the ductus reuniens (Moore, p 975).

104. (C) Typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C6) have

transverse processes with foramina transversaria,

which transmit both the vertebral vein

and artery. In C7, however, this foramen transmits

only the vertebral vein (Moore, p 996).

105. (C) The pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia

encloses, or invests, the infrahyoid muscles

(Moore, p 998).

106. (A) The superior attachments of the trapezius

are the medial third of the superior nuchal

line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum

nuchae, spinous processes of C7–T12, and

lumbar and sacral spinous processes (Moore,

p 1002).

107. (D) The posterior triangle of the neck contains

an anterior boundary formed by the posterior

border of the SCM, a posterior boundary

formed by the anterior border of the trapezius,

an inferior boundary formed by the middle

third of the clavicle, an apex where the SCM

and trapezius meet on the superior nuchal line,

a roof formed by the investing layer of deep cervical

fascia, and a floor formed by the muscles

covered by the prevertebral layer of deep cervical

fascia (Moore, p 1003).

108. (A) The anterior triangle contains the submandibular

(digastric), submental, carotid, and

muscular (omotracheal) triangles. The poste-rior triangle contains the occipital and supraclavicular

(omoclavicular or subclavian) triangles

(Moore, p 1004).

109. (E) The posterior cervical triangle contains the

splenius capitis, levator scapulae, middle scalene,

and posterior scalene (Moore, p 1004).

110. (A) The suprahyoid muscles are the mylohyoid,

geniohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric

muscles (Moore, p 1016).

111. (A) The mylohyoid and anterior belly of the

digastric are innervated by the trigeminal nerve

(Moore, p 1016).

112. (C) The anterior vertebral muscles are the longus

colli, longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior,

and rectus capitis lateralis (Moore, p 1026).

113. (A) The only lateral vertebral muscle that is

innervated by dorsal rami is the splenius capitis

(Moore, p 1026).

114. (A) There is NOT a middle thyroid artery, but

there is a middle thyroid vein (Moore, pp 1030–

1033).

115. (B) Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

cartilages are paired, whereas the thyroid, cricoid,

and epiglottic are single (Moore, p 1038).

116. (C) All intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated

by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except

the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the

external laryngeal nerve (Moore, p 1045).

117. (A) The cricothyroid stretches and tenses the

vocal fold (Moore, p 1045).

118. (E) The posterior cricoarytenoid abducts the

vocal fold (Moore, p 1045).

119. (C) The internal laryngeal nerve is the sensory

nerve of the larynx (Moore, p 1048).

120. (A) The pharyngeal tonsils are commonly

referred to as the adenoids (Moore, p 1051).

121. (E) The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by

the glossopharyngeal nerve. The three constrictors,

palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus

are innervated by the cranial root of

the accessory nerve (Moore, p 1056).

122. (A) The superior constrictor inserts on the

median raphe of the pharynx and the pharyngeal

tubercle on the basilar part of the occipital

bone (Moore, p 1056).

123. (B) The ascending palatine artery, levator veli

palatini, and pharyngotympanic tube pass

through the gap between the superior constrictor

and the skull (Moore, pp 1055, 1058).

124. (A) The glossopharyngeal nerve, stylopharyngeus,

and stylohyoid ligament pass through

the gap between the superior and middle constrictors

(Moore, p 1058).

125. (A) The superior laryngeal artery and vein and

the internal laryngeal nerve pass through the

gap between the middle and inferior constrictors

(Moore, p 1058).

126. (D) The inferior laryngeal artery and recurrent

laryngeal nerve pass through the gap inferior

to the inferior constrictor (Moore, p 1058).

127. (A) A Le Fort I fracture is a horizontal fracture

of the maxillae (Moore, p 836).

128. (B) The mastoid processes are absent at birth.

Therefore, the facial nerves are close to the surface

when they emerge from the stylomastoid

foramina and may be injured during delivery

(Moore, p 847).

129. (D) The site of anesthetic injection to block the

inferior alveolar nerve is the mandibular foramen

(Moore, p 861).

130. (E) A lesion of the zygomatic branch of CN VII

would cause paralysis of the orbicularis oculi

and therefore a drooping of the lower eyelid.

Subsequently, tears would fail to spread over

the cornea, resulting in a corneal scar and therefore

impaired vision (Moore, p 864).

131. (C) The facial veins make clinically important

connections with the cavernous sinus throughthe superior ophthalmic veins. Infections in the

orbit, nasal sinuses, and superior part of the face

may lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis (Moore,

p 883).

132. (A) An epidural hematoma consists of blood

from the middle meningeal artery (Moore,

p 886).

133. (E) Cerebral compression is typically attributed

to intracranial collections of blood, obstruction

of CSF flow, intracranial tumors or abscesses,

and edema of the brain (Moore, p 888).

134. (B) Ptosis (drooping upper eyelid) is caused by

a lesion to the oculomotor nerve, which innervates

the levator palpebrae superioris (Moore,

p 903).

135. (E) Interruption of the cervical sympathetic

trunk results in Horner syndrome (Moore,

p 912).

136. (E) Symptoms of Horner syndrome include

pupillary constriction, ptosis, sinking in of one

eye, and absence of sweating on the face and

neck (Moore, p 1030).

137. (C) A lesion to the hypoglossal nerve (due to a

neck laceration or basal skull fracture) would

result in the protruded tongue deviating toward

the affected side in addition to altered

articulation (Moore, p 1098).

138. (B) Fracture of the cribriform plate might cause

a lesion to the olfactory tract, resulting in anosmia

or CSF rhinorrhea (Moore, p 1098).

139. (C) Sagging of the soft palate, deviation of the

uvula to the normal side, and hoarseness might

be caused by a lesion to the vagus nerve at the

brainstem or in the neck (Moore, p 1098).

140. (A) A neck laceration might damage the spinal

root of the accessory nerve, resulting in

paralysis of the SCM and superior fibers of the

trapezius and drooping of the shoulder (Moore,

p 1098).

141. (D) Pressure from the uncus, a fracture in the

cavernous sinus, or aneurysms could damage

CN III, resulting in a dilated pupil, ptosis, the

eye being turned down and out, and a loss of

pupillary reflex on the side of the lesion (Moore,

p 1098).

142. (C) A laceration or contusion in the parotid region,

a fracture of the temporal bone, or a stroke

might damage the facial nerve, resulting in

paralysis of facial muscles, an eye that remains

open, a drooping mouth, a smooth-appearing

forehead (no wrinkles), dry cornea, and loss of

taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

(Moore, p 1098).

143. (C) A fracture involving the cavernous sinus

might damage the oculomotor nerve or the

abducens nerve (Moore, p 1098).

144. (C) The third arch is associated with the glossopharyngeal

nerve, stylopharyngeus, and the

greater horn and lower portion of the body of

the hyoid bone (Sadler, p 348).

145. (A) The arytenoid and cricoid cartilages and

laryngeal connective tissue are formed by lateral

plate mesoderm (Sadler, p 345).

146. (E) The lower lip is formed from the mandibular

prominence (Sadler, p 370).

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