Embedded Files
variables
variables
constants = immutable and must have value
var = mutable
const c: i32 = 5; // signed 32bit constantconst inferred_c = @as(i32, 5); // explicit declarationconst a: i32 = undefined; // if not val is defined, use "undefined", but must have value at initFor Loops
For Loops
does not allow for unused values, unused can be placed into _ var
for (string, 0..) |character, index| { _ = character; _ = index; }
for (string) |character| { _ = character; }
for (string, 0..) |_, index| { _ = index; }
for (string) |_| {}}
Defer
Defer
Defer is used to execute a statement upon exiting the current block.
test "defer" { var x: i16 = 5; { defer x += 2; try expect(x == 5); } try expect(x == 7);}Arrays
const a = [5]u8{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' };const b = [_]u8{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' }; // infers sizeArrays
get length
const length = a.len //5If Then
const expect = @import("std").testing.expect;If Then
test "if statement" { const a = true; var x: u16 = 0; if (a) { x += 1; } else { x += 2; } try expect(x == 1);}
works as an expression
test "if statement expression" { const a = true; var x: u16 = 0; x += if (a) 1 else 2; try expect(x == 1);}
Functions
Functions
All function arguments are immutable - if a copy is desired the user must explicitly make one. Unlike variables, which are snake_case, functions are camelCase. Here's an example of declaring and calling a simple function.
fn addFive(x: u32) u32 { return x + 5;}
test "function" { const y = addFive(0); try expect(@TypeOf(y) == u32); try expect(y == 5);}
Switch
Switch
must have an else to capture anything outside of scope
test "switch expression" { var x: i8 = 10; x = switch (x) { -1...1 => -x, 10, 100 => @divExact(x, 10), else => x, }; try expect(x == 1);}Strings
Strings
no built in string type, strings declared with U8
const mystring: [] const u8 = "this is a string"; // mystring is a slice of u8 valuesconcat
const part1 = "Hello";const part2 = "World";const message = part1 ++ ", " ++ part2 ++ "!";equality and ordering
const str1 = "apple";const str2 = "banana";// Equalityconst equal = std.mem.eql(u8, str1, str2);std.debug.print("Equal: {}\n", .{equal});
=> Equal: false
// Orderingconst order = std.mem.order(u8, str1, str2);switch (order) { .lt => std.debug.print("{s} comes before {s}\n", .{str1, str2}), .eq => std.debug.print("{s} is equal to {s}\n", .{str1, str2}), .gt => std.debug.print("{s} comes after {s}\n", .{str1, str2}),}
Hash
Hash
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void { // Define the hash map type var map = std.AutoHashMap([]const u8, i32).init( std.heap.page_allocator, // Memory allocator ); defer map.deinit(); // Free memory when done
// Add key-value pairs try map.put("apple", 5); try map.put("banana", 10);
// Retrieve a value const value = map.get("apple") orelse 0; // Returns null if key not found std.debug.print("Value of apple: {}\n", .{value});
// Check if a key exists if (map.contains("banana")) { std.debug.print("Banana is in the map!\n", .{}); }
// Iterate over the map var it = map.iterator(); while (it.next()) |entry| { std.debug.print("Key: {s}, Value: {}\n", .{entry.key_ptr.*, entry.value_ptr.*}); }}
Error handling
Error handling
pub fn main() !void { const result = try mightFail(); // If it fails, main returns an error std.debug.print("Result: {}\n", .{result}); }
Packages, Build, Run
Packages, Build, Run
zig fetch --save=yaml https://github.com/kubkon/zig-yaml/archive/refs/tags/0.0.1.tar.gz
create a new zig project
zig initcompile and run without building executable
zig run src/main.zigcreate a new binary
zig build-exe src/main.zigPage updated
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