Note making

NOTE – MAKING

  Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below.

Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs has a long history and is closely linked, like medical practice itself, with belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so, as the development of scientific techniques made it possible diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses-with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses of which the causes remain unknown, he is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to attack the cause. This is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-medication.

The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organization is improving and people’s nutritional standards have risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an adverse effect. One is the use of high pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry which has tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The other is emergence of eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these , as well as well from unhappy human relationships , often resort to self –medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list .Advertisers go to great lengths to catch this market.

Clever advertising, aimed at chronic suffers who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such faith in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produce-by suggestion-a very real effect in some people .Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple cold and coughs which clear up by themselves within a short time.

These are the main reasons, why laxatives, indigestion-remedies, painkillers, cough-mixtures, tonics, vitamin and iron tablets, nose drops, ointments and many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves a person’s health, it may even make it worse. Worse, because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken excess; worse because they may cause poisoning , and worst of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be asked and therefore medical help may not be sought. Self-diagnosis is a greater danger than self-medication.

Questions

(A)       On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, in points only, using headings and sub-headings. Also use recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary (Minimum four). Supply an appropriate title to it.                                         5

(B)       Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.                               3

self-Medication

1.    Self medication

(a) part of normal living—last 100 yrs

(b) Advance in diag tech..

(c) Drs rqd. for diag .&  treatmnt of disease

(d ) self medicatiom differs from medical prescripyion

2.   Technological Advmnt in medicine

      (a) drug therapy

     (b)impvt. In pub. Health org’s

     (c) increase in nutri’l standards.

   3. Clever advertising by pharma’l companies

                (a) take advantage of people’s need

                                    (b) chronic suffers

(c ) mild complaints like cold and coughs

                  (d) Faulty life style

                       (i) Lack of exercise, over eating, insuff’t sleep etc.

                       (ii) stress, unhappy rela’ps etc.

4.   dangers of self – medi’n. ss

(a) Prep’n contain unsuitable ingre

(b) Taker becomes dependent

(c) Taker consumes medi. In excess

(d) Prep’ns may cause poison’g

(e) Real cause of illness gets suppressed or untreated.

  Summary of the passage:-

            Self medication is part of normal living. Medicinal experts are required for diagnosis and treatment of disease according to symptoms and cause.

The development of drug therapy and improvement in public health organizations and nutritional standards have helped  progress in medicinal science. Excessive advertising by pharmaceutical companies and emergence of the sedentary society are two counter trends. Self medication is dangerous as the preparation may be toxic or contain unsuitable ingredients, the user becomes dependent and consumes medicine in excess. Self-diagnosis is worse than self medication.

                                     PASSAGE -2

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below.

Almost all of us have suffered from a headache at some time or the other. For some a headache is a constant companion and life is a painful hell of wasted time.

The most important step to cope with headaches is to identify the type of headache one is suffering from. In tension headaches (two hand headache), a feeling of a tight band around the head exits along with the pain in the neck and shoulders. It usually follows activities such as long stretches driving, typing or sitting on the desks. They are usually short lived but can also last for days or weeks.

A headache is usually caused due to the spinal misalignment of the head, due to the posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head turn to one side and bending over positions for a long time make it worse.

In migraine headaches, the pains usually on one side of the head may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting irritability and bright spots of flashes of light. This headache is meant worse by activities especially bending. The throbbing pain in the head worsens by noise and light. Certain triggers for migraines may be chocolate, caffeine, smoking or MSU in certain food items. The pain may last eight to twenty four hours and there may be a hangover for two or three days. Migraines are often produced by an ‘aura’------changes in sight and sensation. There is usually a family migraine.

 In a headache, pain originates from the brain but from the irritated nerves of muscles, blood vessels and bones. These head pain signals to the brain which judges the degree of distress and relays it at appropriate sites. The pain sometimes may be referred to sights other than the problem areas. This is known as referred by pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus, though, most headache states at the base of the skull referred pain as felt typically behind the eyes.

Factors causing headache are understood but it is known that a shift in the level of body hormones chemicals, certain foods and drinks and environmental stress can trigger them.

If the headache troubles you often, visit the doctor, who will take a full health history relating to diet, life stresses, the type of headache, trigging factors and relief measures. You may be asked to keep a ‘headache diary’ which tells you to list – the time headache started and when it ended, emotional environmental and food and drinking factors which may contribute to it. The type and severity of pain and the medications used which provide much relief are also to be listed.

This helps the doctor in determining the exact cause and type of headache and the remedy thereof.

Questions

(b)   On the basis of your reading the passage make notes on it using recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a format u consider suitable. Supply a suitable title.

(c)        Write a summary in about 80 words.

1)      Notes on the contents of the passage;

A.         Identification:-

(i)             tension headache, or

(ii)           migraine headache

B.         Symptoms:-

(i)   Tension headaches

(a)  feeling tight band around head

(b)   pain in neck and shoulders

(ii)   Migraine headaches

(a)  pain on one side of the head

(b)   vomiting and irritability

(c)   bright sport of flashes of light

C.        Causes:-

(i)    Tension headaches

(a)   long stretches of driving

(b)   long hours of typing or sitting on the desk

(ii)   Migraine headache.

(a)  Chocolate, coffee, smoking.

(b)   MSU is certain food items

D.        Treatment :-

(i)                     Self –care techniques for shorter period.

(ii)                    Doctor advice for permanent treatments.

Title:-    Headache and their Treatments

2)         Summary of the passage:-

Life becomes a painful hell if headache becomes once constants companion. In order to find an effective cure for it, is very important to identify the type of headache one suffering from. It can be tension headache or a migraine, and the treatment as to be found as accordingly. Complete ‘headache diary’ if maintained may help the doctor find the perfect remedy to triggering factors responsible for it. Self medication   should be done for only a short-term relief and with the greatest caution. Doctor’s advice is a must if it persists for a longer time.

(b)   On the basis of your reading the passage make notes on it using recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a format u consider suitable. Supply a suitable title.

(c)        Write a summary in about 80 words.

Ladies, watch out. The next time you purchase cosmetics ensure that they are safe. Contrary to tall promises made by the industry, a number of cosmetics are health hazards and may turn you ugly instead of prettier.

2. Studies have shown that cosmetics are toxic, containing chemicals and other ingredients which can cause cancer. Some brands of talcum powders are said to contain asbestos. Unfortunately, consumers, particularly woman, are carried away by the telling and attractive advertisements. Very rarely do they read the contents of the cosmetics they use.

3. Take, for instance, the shampoo used for cleaning hair. Hundreds of brands are available in market, each one promising something special and novel. It is a common belief that using soap to clean the hair is harmful. But a comparative research carried out by a doctor with the help of a consumer union in Japan has found that shampoo can damage your hair and result in hair loss.

4. Research has revealed that the thickest hair among the shampoo users was only 0.097 mm, whereas soap users have 0.115 mm. Similarly, shampoo users also have hair as thin as 0.072 mm and that of soap users 0.1 mm.

5. Years ago, people used to dye their hair black. But nowadays, woman dye their hair in different colours ignoring the harmful effects it has on their health. You can find woman with dark brown and light violet coloured hair.

6. Hair dyes which may be bleacher, temporary dyes, semi – permanent dyes, contain potentially hazardous chemicals like ammonia and hydrogen peroxide, p – phenylenediamine and toluene diamines. Hydrogen peroxide is said to ruin hair condition.

7.  According to a report in the UTUSAN KONSUMER, temporary dyes contain metallic substances, like lead, which are toxic and can be absorbed through the scalp into the body. These temporary dyes are derived from Benzedrine, known to produce bladder cancer.

8. The report further states that semi-permanent dyes are made of chemicals called nitro dyes like coal tar and petroleum. Coal tar is an irritant and sensitizer. Studies in India have shown that an abnormally high incidence of cataract is among the users of coal tar. You will be alarmed to know that permanent hair dyes contain more than 30 chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide.

9. Likewise, have you ever tried to look beyond the glow of nail polishes to its effects?

10. Nail polish remover contains an ingredient called acetone which can cause your nail to become brittle and split. However, acetone is less toxic when compared toluene, another ingredient found in the nail polish.

11. The basic ingredient used in nail polish is formaldehyde resin which can discolour the nails. It is a colourless gas with a strong, irritating smell, used also as an anti-septic for killing germs. Formaldehyde is also known by other names like methanal and methyaldehyde.

15. It may be interesting to know that of all the cosmetics lipstick is the most toxic and dangerous for three reasons. Firstly, woman who apply lipstick swallow the chemicals directly. Secondly, it gets absorbed through the tender lip skin. And, finally, lipstick not only harms the user but also her mate.