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In digital electronics projects, encoders and decoders play an important role. It is used to convert data from one form to another. Generally, they are commonly used in communication systems such as telecommunications, networks and end-to-end data transmission. Likewise, it is also used in the digital domain to facilitate data transmission, which is placed with codes and then transmitted. At the receiver end, the coding data is collected by the code and then processed for display. This article describes what encoders and coders are, how they work and their applications.

An encoder is a device or converter or electrical circuit. An encoder converts information from one format to another, such as an electrical signal, in a counter or PLC. Feedback from the encoder will determine the position, number, speed and direction. Control devices are used to send commands to a specific function.


A decoder is a circuit used to transform a code into a set of signals. The name itself tells the decoder why it has the reverse of the encoding. The decoder is designed to be very simple. To generate signals in encoders, there are different types of technologies, the most common of which are mechanical, magnetic, resistive and optical. By using light interruptions in the optical sensor, the encoder provides feedback. The following diagram shows the basic structure of an incremental encoder with optical technology.


The light from the LED will pass through the disk code, which has faint lines. If the encoder shaft begins to rotate, the LED light beam is interrupted by opaque lines on the code disc. It will give pulse signals and therefore the current lamp is in the ON state and if there is no light, the lamp is in the ON state. Signals are sent to the counter or controller, and then the signals are sent to create the desired function.


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The encoder and decoder are designed with the same logic gate as the OR gate. There are different types of encoders and decoders such as

, 8, and 16 encoders, and the encoder truth table depends on a particular encoder selected by the user.

Here explains a

-bit encoder with truth table. The four-bit encoder allows only four inputs such as A0, A1, A2, A3 and produces two outputs F0, F1, as shown in the diagram below.


Encoders and decoders are used in many electronic projects to compress more inputs into less outputs. The encoder allows 2 inputs of an N source and produces a number of N outputs. For example, in 2 encoders, if we give inputs, only 2 outputs will be produced.


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Multiplexers and demultiplexers are digital electronic devices used to control applications. A multiplexer is a device that allows multiple input signals and produces a single output signal. For example, it is sometimes necessary to produce a single output from multiple input lines. Electronic multiplexers can be thought of as multiple single lines of input and output. In this case, the multiplexer used selects the input stream to send.


The code is applied to the selected inputs to produce the corresponding output. Digital code is applied to the selected inputs to produce the corresponding output. A common multiplexing application occurs when multiple embedded system devices share a single line or trunk while communicating with the device. Each subsequent device has a short period of time to send and receive data. This is the particular advantage of using this MUX. The priority encoder is a circuit that compresses many binary inputs into a small number of outputs. The output of the priority encoder is in the binary representation of the initial number of most significant bits. Typically, there are uses that require a control interrupt by acting on the encoder with the highest priority. Two or more entries can be sent at the same time, so the highest priority is given priority.