James Legg alias Hewer
James will be referred to throughout as James Legg alias Hewer for reasons that will soon become obvious.
1799
James the son of Ann Legg (a baseborn child) was baptised June 2nd 1799
Source: Castle Eaton parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
On 24 September, a James Hewer was committed to Marlborough Bridewell for trial on the oath of Ann Legg with ‘having gotten her with child which is likely to become chargeable to the parish of Castle Eaton’. The case was discharged and the order made on 8 October.
Source: Calender of Prisoners; Wilts. A1/125/46S; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
As yet, it has not been possible to identify precisely who this James Hewer was, where he came from or whether, for certain, he was James Legg’s father. What seems clear is that James Legg was certain of his parentage and alternated use of both surnames throughout his life.
James’ mother, Ann, died at the age of 35 and was buried on 1 January 1801 at Castle Eaton. James was probably not yet 2 years old. There are no records available to tell us who brought him up.
1822
The next possible record relating to James Legg alias Hewer is a marriage record. On 18 March 1822, a James Legg of Castle Eaton married a Rachel Carter at Hannington, Wiltshire.
James Legge of the parish of Castle Eaton and Rachel Carter of this parish were married in church by banns with consent of parents this eighteenth day of March in the Year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two
By me W J Gilbert Curate
James Legge X
Rachel Carter X
In the presence of Charles Carter X, Martha Kibblewhite X, Robert Hewitt[?]
Source: Hannington parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
This seems to be the most likely marriage for our James as we know he married a Rachel.
Hannington Church, Wiltshire
1823
On 16 November 1823, Ann, daughter of James and Rachel Yewer [sic] was baptised at South Cerney, Gloucestershire.
Source: South Cerney parish records, Gloucestershire Archives
1825
Removal order: South Cerney, Gloucestershire
16 December 1825
James Legg, wife Rachel and Ann 2 years 6 months to Castle Eaton, Wilts from South Cerney
Source: Gloucestershire Archives, Overseers, P71 OV 3/2/2/44
1826
On 26 July 1826, Emma, daughter of James and Rachel Legge, was baptised at Castle Eaton.
Source: Castle Eaton parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
1827
Committed to the House of Correction [at Devizes] – William Mavelin and James Hewer, both of Castle Eaton, for 3 months each for Breach of Game Laws
Source: Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette, 25 January 1827; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
No further information has yet been found about this case, but the sentence is significant in the light of later events.
1828
On 21 November 1827, a James Hewer had been ‘charged upon the oath of Richard Honeybone on suspicion of having on the 14th of November instant stolen from the shop of the said Richard Honeybone at Fairford [Gloucestershire] one silver watch the property of the said Richard Honeybone’.
Details given about James in his prison record for Gloucester Goal are as follows:
58 James Hewer, age 29 from the parish of Castle Eaton, Wilts.
Description:
Dark hair, dark grey eyes, fresh complexion, long face, dark eyebrows and whiskers, large nose twisted a little to the left, two small moles over right breast, JS on right arm, JXE marked on left arm, two moles on his hips, a scar on rt thigh, mole rt cheek near his nose
Labourer
Not read [i.e. unable to read]
5’ 3”
Remember these tattoos!
James was tried at the Epiphany Session of Gloucester Quarter Sessions on 15 January 1828. The case was acquitted as ‘Not a true bill’ (i.e. insufficient evidence to form a judgement). He was discharged from prison on 18 January 1828. His conduct in prison was recorded as ‘orderly’.
Source: Gloucestershire Archives, Q/Gc5/3
In July the same year, James was in trouble with the law again, this time in Wiltshire.
James Legg alias Hewer, age 26
Committed by A. Goddard, esq., charged on the oath of Richard Bridges, with having feloniously stolen a large oak pig trough, the property of John Green, at Castle Eaton.
Warrant dated July 7, 1828
To be confined in the House of Correction at Devizes for two calendar months to hard labour and to be privately whipped on his discharge.
Source: Wilts Quarter Sessions, Calendar of Prisoners, A1/125/54, Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
Again, the case is significant in the light of later events.
1829
On 18 January 1829, Francis, son of James and Rachel Legge, was baptised at Castle Eaton.
Source: Castle Eaton parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
1831
Elizabeth, daughter of James and Rachel Legg, was baptised on 22 May 1831 at Castle Eaton.
Source: Castle Eaton parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
1834
John, son of James and Rachel Hewer, was baptised on 7 December 1834 at Castle Eaton.
Source: Castle Eaton parish records, at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
Note that James and Rachel have now reverted to using Hewer again for baptisms!
1837
On 27 October 1836 James had been accused of stealing two hurdles at Castle Eaton:
‘The examination [statement] of William Dodd of Castle Eaton in the said County Labourer taken on oath before us his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace acting in and for the said County the 27th day of October 1836 touching on charges against James Hewer alias Legg for a felony.
Who saith that he works as a Carter for Mr John Archer of Castle Eaton aforesaid, - that in consequence of many deforedations [sic.] being committed on his master’s farm and suspicion falling on the Prisoner he received directions from his employer to be on the look out and keep watch for the Prisoner, - that he got up between four and five o’clock in the morning of Monday the 10th of October instant and went along the Road opposite the house of the Prisoner who lived at a short distance, - that he saw there was a light both above stairs and below in the Prisoner’s house, - that he saw the Prisoner open the door and look out and return back into the house and shut the door after him, - that the Prisoner almost immediately opened the door again and came out, - that he watched the Prisoner and saw him go up the Road and into Mr Archer’s Yard adjoining what is called the Parsonage Barn, - that he waited at the gate near the Yard, - that in a few minutes the Prisoner returned with two hurdles which he was carrying with a Prong on his shoulder, - that he stopped the Prisoner and made him put down the hurdles when the Prisoner particularly desired him not to say any thing to his master about it, - that he afterwards went to the Chaff House adjoining his master’s barn and missed from thence two hurdles which he had seen there on Sunday the 2nd of October previous and that the two hurdles which the Prisoner has had in his possession are the property of his master the said John Archer.
The mark X of William Dodd’
In light of two previous convictions of 3 months (1827) and 2 months (1828), James Hewer alias Legg was sentenced at Devizes Quarter Sessions on 3 January 1837 to 7 years transportation.
Sources: Wilts Quarter Sessions A1/125/63 and A1/145/1837/H; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
The barn at Manor Farm, Castle Eaton. Could this be the barn mentioned in the account above? Manor Farm is next to the church in the centre of the village, which was then probably not more than two roads lined with cottages.
On 25 January 1837 James was recorded as being on the prison hulk ship York at Gosport awaiting transportation, which was reported in the Devizes & Wilts Gazette:
During the week the following convicts (convicted at the last county sessions at Devizes) have been removed from Fisherton goal to the York Hulk, Gosport … James Legg alias Hewer … 7 years.
Source: Devizes & Wilts Gazette, 26 January 1837; accessed 24 July 2013
He was sent to New South Wales on the Emma Eugenia, which departed on 2 November 1837, arriving in Sydney on 9 February 1838. The convict index lists James as follows:
NEW SOUTH WALES 1838
LIST of 200 MALE CONVICTS by the ship EMMA EUGENIA,
Giles Wade, Master; B. Wylie, Surgeon-Superintendant,
Arrived from ENGLAND, 9th February, 1838
Standing no. of convicts 38-615
Indent no. 181
Name James Legg alias Hewer
Age 35
Education R [able to read, but not write]
Religion Protestant
Single, married or widow Married
Children 2 male, 3 female
Native place County Wiltshire
Trade or calling Labourer
Offence Stealing hurdles
Tried: where and when Wilts Quarter Session, 3 January 1837
Sentence 7 years
Former convictions 3 months, 2 months
Height 5’ 3½”
Complexion Dark sallow
Hair Black
Eyes Hazel
Particular marks or scars Lost two front upper teeth left side, hair
thin on crown, raised mole on right
cheek, near the nose, two moles on
breast, JxL inside lower right arm, J.E
inside lower left arm, scar on heel of left
hand, scar on ball of same thumb, scar
inside right arm
Certificate of Freedom 44/29
Source: State Archives NSW; Series: NRS 12189; Title: Annotated printed indents (ie. office copies); Item: [X641]; Microfiche: 732; Ancestry.com. New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.
For more about the life of rural labourers at this time, look at: http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ruralife/swing.htm
1842
On 12 March 1842, James received his Ticket of Leave. Tickets of Leave allowed prisoners to integrate into society, though with some restrictions, such as staying within a particular area.
TICKET OF LEAVE
No. 42/759 12 March 1842
Prisoner’s No. 38/616
Name James Legg alias Hewer
Ship Emma Eugenia
Master
Year 1838
Native Place
Trade or Calling
Offence
Place of Trial Wilts QS
Date of Trial 3 January 1837
Sentence 7 years
Year of Birth
Height
Complexion
Hair
Eyes
General remarks
PP 42/648
Allowed to remain in the District of Scone [Hunter Valley, north of Sydney].
On recommendation of do Bench.
Dated November 1841
Source: State Archives NSW; Series: NRS 12202; Item: [4/4161]; Reel: 943; Ancestry.com. New South Wales, Australia, Tickets of Leave, 1824-1867 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
1844
On 9 January 1844, James received his Certificate of Freedom:
CERTIFICATE OF FREEDOM
No. 44/29
Date 9 January 1844
Prisoner’s No. 38/616
Name James Legg alias Hewer
Ship Emma Eugenia
Master Wade
Year 1838
Native Place Wiltshire
Trade or Calling Labourer
Offence –
Place of Trial Wilts QS
Date of Trial 3 January 1837
Sentence 7 years
Year of Birth 1802
Heigth 5 feet 3½ inches
Complexion Dark sallow
Hair Black
Eyes Hazel
General remarks Lost two front teeth left side of upper jaw, Hair thin on crown,
Raised mole on the right cheek near the nose, Two moles on
breast, JxL inside lower right arm, J.E inside lower left arm,
Scar heel of left hand, Scar on ball of same thumb, Scar
inside right arm
[Additional notes on document:]
Scone 10th Jan 1844
CF written for 25 March 44
Clearance granted
Cleared out in the Ramlett for London 21 Feb 44
[illegible] 8 April 44
Source: State Archives NSW; Series: NRS 12210; Item: 4/4361; Roll: 1007; Ancestry.com. New South Wales, Australia, Certificates of Freedom, 1827-1867 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.
James probably arrived back in England in about May 1844.
On 15 October 1844, a James Hewer was acquitted of larceny:
Wilts Michaelmas Sessions 1844
William Spindloe
v
James Hewer
for Felony
Summary of witness depositions:
William Spindloe, of Highworth, Ironmonger
Sarah Arrowsmith, of Highworth, Singlewoman [servant in WS’s household/business]
John Leonard, of Highworth, Police Constable
Oaths taken on 10th October 1844 at Swindon
James Hewer was charged on the oaths of the above with ‘having on the ninth day of October instant at Highworth in the said County feloniously stolen, taken and carried away one Hamper the property of the said William Spindloe’.
JH allegedly took a hamper from Spindloe’s yard and put it on his cart. WS said the cart was ‘without a horse’. 9th October 1844 was market day in Highworth.
James Hewer’s examination [statement], taken on 10th October 1844 at Swindon [some punctuation added to aid reading]:
‘I was there a week ago last Wednesday at Highworth. I bought some fowls in a Hamper very much imitating that Hamper. I sold two of them to the Brewer and the rest I took in the Hamper to the Saracen’s Head and sold the other fowls to a man I don’t know and I left the Hamper at the Saracen’s Head and the man told me I could have it next week. Then I took up this Hamper in a hurry to carry to my cart.
James Hewer X
Sources: Marlborough Sessions, A1/125/70 and A1/145/1844/M; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
Since Highworth is the nearest town to Castle Eaton, it is likely that this is in fact James Legg alias Hewer.
1845
9 August 1845 saw James in court again at Warminster Quarter Sessions, this time as James Legg and this time he was found guilty and sentenced to 10 years transportation for breaking into a house at Highworth and stealing ‘wearing apparel’.
For trial at the summer assizes 1845:
13 James Legge alias Hewer
N [neither Read nor Write]
Age 45
Crime:
Committed 29th May, 1845, by the Revds. T.H. Ripley, and G.A. Goddard, and J.E. Prower, Esq., charged on the oaths of Elizabeth Willoughby and others, with having feloniously broken open the Dwelling-house of the said Elizabeth Willoughby, and stolen therefrom one Black Silk Gown, one Night Gown, two Knives and two Forks, and one Apron, the property of the said Elizabeth Willoughby, at Highworth.
Marlborough Bridewell
Source: Wilts Quarter Sessions, Calendar of Prisoners, A1/125/71; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
The court proceedings at Warminster Quarter Sessions on 9 August 1845 were reported in the press:
James Legge was indicted for breaking open the dwelling house of Elizabeth Willoughby at Highworth, and stealing several articles, her property.
Mr. MEREWETHER was Counsel for the prosecution.
The prosecutrix took her children out for a walk in the course of the day of the 28th of May, and during her absence her house was robbed of a black silk gown, 1 night-gown, 2 knives and two forks. The prisoner was seen getting out of the window of the house of the prosecutrix. Part of the stolen goods were afterwards found in a wheat field; another person saw him coming from the house and running down the hill; the man followed him, and the prisoner dropped something which the witness picked up, and it turned out to be some of the property belonging to Elizabeth Willoughby. The prisoner turned into the wheat field in which the other articles were found.
The prisoner was found guilty; and two former convictions having been proved, he was sentenced to be transported for ten years.
Source: Devizes & Wilts Gazette, Thursday 14 August 1845, page 2; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
The newspaper report immediately continues with an account of Elizabeth Willoughby’s prosecution for larceny!
Elizabeth Willoughby (the prosecutrix in the last case) was indicted for stealing 3 half-crowns, the property of Enos Guest, on the 10th of July at Highworth.
Mr. BALL prosecuted, and Mr. EDWARDS defended.
Enos Guest: I am a miller; I called at the prisoner’s house, she asked me to give her and some others who were there some beer. I gave her some after the other people were gone; she asked me to go up stairs; I refused – She then took off my hat; she threw me on the bed and picked my pocket of 3 half-crowns, and a shilling – I found the shilling under her arm. – I then went for the police.
Wm. Miller: I am a wheelwright, and was with Guest on the 10th of July; we met the prisoner between her house and a public-house; the prisoner came along side of our cart, and she asked us to go in, as there were some haymaking women, at tea there, and she wanted us to treat them with some beer; we went in and I heard him refuse to go up stairs. She took his hat and went up stairs, and he went up, and I heard him say she robbed him.
The prisoner was found guilty, and sentenced to 12 months imprisonment.
Source: Devizes & Wilts Gazette, Thursday 14 August 1845, page 2; Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
Back to James: having been transported before, he was now deemed a dangerous criminal and was sent to Van Dieman’s Land (now Tasmania) via Norfolk Island on the China. The ship left Woolwich, England, on 4 January 1846 and arrived at Norfolk Island on 16 May 1846. James spent a year on Norfolk Island and was then transferred to Van Dieman’s Land on the Pestongee Bomangee arriving on 20 May 1847 at Cascades Probation Station (now called Koonya) on Norfolk Bay on the Tasman Peninsula (near Port Arthur).
The convict indent confirms that this is the correct James Legg, though now we see he has only two daughters. Since Ann seems to disappear from records very early, it can only be assumed that she had died. Possibly James did not know when he left England that Rachel had died in late 1846, as she is listed as a living relative on his convict indent:
Indent of Male Convicts Arriving from Norfolk Island, 1 Sept 1844-19 May 1847
Police number -
Name Legg James
Height 5' 8¾"
Age 46
Trade or calling Shepherd
Where tried -
When tried -
Native place Castle Eaton, Wiltshire
Married or Single M
Children 4
Religion CE
Read or Write Read
Relations, apprenticeships, W[ife] Rachel, B[rothers] John, [illegible name],
where last residing all NP [native place]
Ship character -
Offences Housebreaking – stealing wearing apparel
Prosecutrix Mrs Willoughby
7 years transportation before for stealing a hurdle
Served the whole in Sydney
Came out in the ‘Emma Eugenia’
Source: CON17-1-2,Indents of Male Convicts Arriving from Norfolk Island, 1 Sept 1844-19 May 1847; http://search.archives.tas.gov.au/ImageViewer/image_viewer.htm?CON17-1-2,222,215,S,80, images 214-215
James’ conduct record for his time in Tasmania makes interesting reading:
Source: CON33-1-87, Conduct Registers of Male Convicts; http://search.archives.tas.gov.au/ImageViewer/image_viewer.htm?CON33-1-87,210,126,S,80, image 126
I am extremely grateful to Susan Hood at the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority for the transcription of James’ Convict Indent and Conduct Record, which was an enormous help with the abbreviations used, and the additional information she was able to provide regarding the fact that he arrived at Cascades Probation Station and did not spend any time at Port Arthur.
1853
On 7 June 1853, James’ application for a Conditional Pardon was granted, which meant he was free but on the condition that he did not leave Australia.
1854
Several records exist of applications to marry relating to a free man, James Legg seeking to marry female convicts. None resulted in a marriage. It is fairly certain that James did marry, however. A marriage record exists for a James Legg and an Ann Feltis in 1854 at St George's church in Hobart. Ann was a former convict, from Wexford, and she had had two illegitimate children while in Tasmania. The first, a son Thomas born in 1849, is believed to have died at the age of four. Her daughter, Catherine, born in 1853 at Ross Female Factory, took the name Legg after her mother's marriage to James. Various records place her and her mother in the Cressy and Longford areas of Tasmania. Catherine went on to marry a former convict, Luke Bentley, and they have descendants living in Tasmania and mainland Australia.
1864
A note on James' conduct record tells us that he was at Woodbourne, Cressy, near Longford, Tasmania, in 1864. This ties in with other records relating to Ann, Catherine and Luke, mentioned above.
The estate of Woodbourne at Cressy, near Longford, was owned by the Gatenby family who originally settled in Van Dieman's Land from Whitby, Yorkshire. The Gatenbys were farmers and well-known sheep breeders. It is not surprising to find that James Legg alias Hewer most likely ended up working (and living?) on this estate as his trade was given as 'shepherd' on his convict indent. The estate is no longer owned by the Gatenbys (it was sold out of the family in 1934) and the present owners breed cattle rather than sheep!
1874
A death record exists for a James Legg, labourer, at Longford, Tasmania in 1874. Ann died in 1890.