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Neurosurgery
Neuro
Clinical skills
Approach to Intracranial Pathology
Approach to the Dx of the comatose pts
Dx Level of consciousness
Шкала Глазго
dDx of Common Neurosurgical Presentations
ICP Measurement
Lumbar Puncture
Neurological Examination
Cranial Nerves Examination
(CN 2) Optic nerve
Colour vision Assessment (Ishihara Plates)
Fundoscopy
Papilledema
Cranial nerve reflexes
Horner's Syndrome
Pupillary light reflex
Marcus Gunn Pupil (RAPD)
Disorders of speech
The Motor System
Gait Disturbance
Muscle power
Neuroradiology
Cerebral angiography
Cranio-cervical Measurements
C-Spine X-Ray
Head CT Interpretation
Spine MRI
NICU
Mechanical Ventilation
Surgeries
- Neurosurgical Instrumentation
Sutures
Cranial Approaches
Decompressive craniectomy
Decompressive Hemicraniectomy
External ventricular drain (EVD)
Установка вентрикулярного дренажа в передний рог бокового желудочка через точку Кохера
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring (IONM)
Spine
Lumbar Decompression
VP shunt (VPS)
Antisiphon device (ASD)
Анализы
Бланк кровь на этанол
Neuroanatomy
1. Embryology
Embryology of the Spine
2. Histology
Blood-brain barrier
Neuroglia
Astrocytes
Glial stem cell
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocyte precursor
Neurons
3.1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Diencephalon and Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
- Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Thalamus
Telencephalon
Basal Ganglia
Cerebrum
Associational cortex
Hemineglect syndrome
Associational cortex of the parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Insular cortex
Temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Associational cortex of the Temporal lobe
White Matter of Cerebral Hemispheres
Projection fibres
Internal capsule
3.2. Brainstem and Cerebellum
Cranial nerves
(CN1) Olfactory nerve
(CN 2) Optic nerve
(CN 3) Oculomotor nerve
Oculomotor nerve palsy
(CN 4) Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve palsy
(CN 5) Trigeminal nerve
Clinical implication
(CN 6) Abducens nerve
Abducens nerve palsy
(CN 7) Facial nerve
- Clinical implication
Chorda Tympani
Greater petrosal nerve
(CN 8) Vestibulocochlear nerve
(CN 9) Glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN 10) Vagus nerve
(CN 11) Accessory nerve
(CN 12) Hypoglossal nerve
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Metencephalon
Cerebellum
Pons
Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata)
3.4. Meninges
1. Dura Mater
Dural venous sinuses
Cavernous sinus
2. Arachnoid
3. - Subarachnoid cisterns
3. -- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
4. Pia Mater
3.4. Ventricular system
4.1. Skull
Osteology
Ethmoid bone
Compound structures of skull
Joints of the skull
Sutures of the Skull
Regional anatomy
Frontal Region
Orbit
Nasal Cavity
Oral cavity
Tongue
Pharynx
Skullbase
Foramen of the skull
Skull Base Triangles
Oculomotor Triangle
4.2. Neck
Triangles of the neck
4.3. Spinal Cord
Bone anatomy
Vertebral Column Anatomy
Spinal canal
Cervical spine
Cranio-cervical Measurements
Occipitoatlantoaxial complex
Spinal Biomechanics
Spinal cord tracts
Spinal cord Vascular anatomy
5. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Spinal Nerve
- Peripheral nerve
- Segmental Innervation
Cerebrovascular system
Carotid (anterior) system
Internal carotid artery (ICA)
Vertebral-basilar (posterior) system
Basilar artery
Vertebral arteries
Cerebral Venous System
Functional neuroanatomy
Respiratory control center
Behavioral control of breathing
Dorsal respiratory group of neurons
Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
Pneumotaxic center
Ventral respiratory group of neurons
Inspiratory "Ramp" Signal
Reticular formation
Projection neurons
The ascending arousal system (reticular activating system = RAS)
Cholinergic system
Dopaminergic system
Histaminergic system
Noradrenergic system
Serotoninergic system
Sensory System
Gustatory sensory system
Vestibular System
Visual sensory system
Optic chiasma
Neurophysiology and pathophysiology
Cerebral edema
Cognition
Memory
Consciousness
Нарушение сознания
Acutely Altered States of Consciousness
Clouding of consciousness
Coma
Delirium
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus
Obtundation
Stupor
The locked-in syndrome
Structural Lesions That Cause Altered Consciousness
Subacute or Chronic Alterations of Consciousness
Persistent Vegetative State
Consequences of Common Brain Lesions
Craniospinal physics
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF circulation
Electrical circuit model of CSF flow
Cerebrovascular system
Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
Brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2)
CBF autoregulation
Endothelial autoregulation
Metabolic autoregulation
Myogenic autoregulation
Neurogenic autoregulation
Cerebral metabolic rate of O2 consumption
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR)
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
ICP monitoring
ICP waveforms
Motor Systems
Decorticate vs decerebrate rigidity
Pathologic breathing patterns
Sensory Systems
Neuro-ophthalmology
- Ocular reflexes
Accommodation reflex
Corneal reflex
Pupillary Light Reflex
Afferent Visual System
Efferent Visual System
Eye movement
Neuronal pathways
- Conjugate Eye Movements
-- Conjugate horizontal gaze pathway
- Conjugate vertical gaze pathways
Internuclear pathways
Supranuclear pathways
Pursuit movements
Saccadic movements
Vestibular ocular movements
z. Ophthalmoplegia
Horizontal gaze palsy
- Abducens nerve (CN6) palsy
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
- One-and-a-half syndrome
Painful Ophthalmoplegia
- Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Parinaud’s syndrome
Sleep
Circadian rhythms & melatonin
Non-REM sleep
REM sleep
Sleep disorders
Pathology
- Histopathology
Basic Reactions
Cerebral Edema
Cell Types
Neurons
Histology of Brain Tumors
Architecture and Cell Formation
Regressive Processes
Cerebrovascular pathology
Aneurysms
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)
Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease
Moyamoya disease
Stroke
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Vascular Malformations
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
Cerebellar AVM
Developmental Anomalies
Primary Craniospinal Anomalies
Chiari malformations
Primary Intracranial Anomalies
Aqueductal stenosis (AqS)
Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts (AC)
Elevated ICP
Herniation Syndromes
Duret Hemorrhage
Kernohan notch phenomenon
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumour Cerebri)
Functional Neurosurgery
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
Gene therapy
Spasticity
Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy (IBT)
Head Trauma
- Biomechanical Basis of Traumatic Brain Injury
Categorization of TBI
Traumatic Hemorrhagic Conditions
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
Epidural hematoma (EDH)
Subdural hematoma (SDH)
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)
Skull Fractures
TBI Treatment
Physiologic Monitoring
Surgical management
Черепно мозговая травма
Показания для хирургического Tx ЧМТ
Hydrocephalus (HCP)
Neuro-oncology
Metastatic Brain Tumours
Primary Tumors of the Nervous system
Pituitary Adenoma
Tumors of Cranial, Spinal and Peripheral Nerves
Schwannoma
- Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue
Astrocytoma
- Karnofsky score
Embryonal tumors
Medulloblastoma
Tumors of the Meninges
Meningiomas
Convexity Meningiomas
Olfactory Groove Meningioma
Sphenoorbital meningiomas
Peripheral Nerves
Entrapment Neuropathies
Claw Hand
Pus
Cerebral Abscess
Spine and Spinal Cord
- Spinal Cord Syndromes
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Central Cord Syndrome
Cervical Myelopathy
- Treatment
Cervical spine immobilization
Cervical traction
Ortho
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Spondylolisthesis
Vertebral Disc Herniation
Degenerative Disc Disease
Special Conditions Affecting the Spine
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
Syringomyelia
Spine Trauma
Cervical spine
Subaxial Cervical Injuries
Upper Cervical Injuries
Atlanto-occipital Dislocation
Atlantoaxial Subluxation/Dislocation
Atlas (C1) fractures
Axis (C2) fractures
- Hangman’s fracture
- Odontoid fractures
Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD)
Thoracolumbar injury
Chance fracture
Tumors of the Spine and Spinal Cord
Vascular
Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
Arteriovenous Malformations
Neuro - Lecture Notes
Neurosurgery
Carotid (anterior) system
Common carotid arteries bifurcates at carotid sinus to form:
ECA
ICA - goes to the brain
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