Introductory visual neurophysiology

A part of the CVonline computer vision resource summarizing some of the neurophysiology and methods associated with the primate visual processing.

1. Crossmodal linkages

   1. Audition

      1. Sensory substitution

   2. Olfaction

   3. Touch

   4. Sensory substitution

   5. Mirror neuron

   6. Language

• • 1. Audio-visual speech recognition

1. 7. Synesthesia, Neural basis of synesthesia

2. Neurophysiological methods

• 1. Disturbances and disorders

     1. Lesion

     2. Scotoma

     3. Blind spot

     4. Binasal hemianopsia

  2. Bitemporal hemianopsia

  3. Color blindness

• • 1. Achromatopsia

    2. Dichromacy

    3. Monochromacy

• 4. Agnosia

• • 1. Visual agnosia

    2. Auditory agnosia

    3. Color agnosia

• 5. Staining/Histology

  6. Electrophysiology

• • 1. Intracellular recording

    2. Extracellular recording

    3. Iontophoresis

• 7. Neuroimaging

• • 1. Optical imaging of intrinsic signals

    2. Calcium imaging

    3. Photofragment-ion imaging

    4. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging

    5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

       1. Haemodynamic response

       2. BOLD response

    6. Positron emission tomography (PET)

    7. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or (SPET)

• 8. Electroencephalography (EEG)

  9. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

  10. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

  11. Molecular biology

  12. Genetics

  13. Neuropharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology

3. Visual system structure

• 1. Neurons

  2. Visual pathway

     1. Dorsal and ventral stream

     2. Modularity of mind

        1. Visual modularity

        2. Language module

  3. Cortical column

  4. Neural coding

  5. Receptive fields

  6. Extra-classical receptive fields and surround modulation

  7. Topographic maps

  8. Binding & Synchronization

• • 1. The binding problem

    2. Neural binding

    3. Neural oscillations

• 9. Cortical magnification

  10. Lateralization of brain function

  11. Attention

4. Visual system components

• 1. Neuroanatomy

  2. The eye

     1. Structure and anatomy

     2. Function

     3. Eye movements

        1. Saccades and Microsaccades

  3. The retina

• • 1. Development

    2. Anatomy and Structure

    3. Blind spot

    4. Fovea

    5. Circuitry

       1. Photoreceptors

       2. Horizontal cells

       3. Bipolar neurons/cells

       4. Amacrine cells

       5. Ganglion cell

       6. Glial cell

• 4. Function and computations

• • 1. Light and dark adaptation

    2. Lateral inhibition

    3. Color vision

• 5. Lateral Geniculate nucleus (LGN)

• • 1. Development

    2. Anatomy and structure

    3. Function and computations

    4. Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways

• 6. Visual cortex

• • 1. Plasticity and development

       1. Neuroplasticity

       2. Synaptic plasticity

       3. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity

       4. Hebbian theory

       5. Long-term potentiation

       6. Long-term depression

    2. Primary visual cortex (V1)

• • • 1. Anatomy and structure

      2. Neuron types

         1. Pyramidal cells

         2. Granule cells

      3. Connectivity

      4. Simple cells, Complex cells, Hypercomplex cells

      5. Neural coding

      6. Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways

      7. Cortical layers

      8. Contrast sensitivity

      9. Selectivity and mapping of stimulus features

• • • • 1. Ocular dominance

        2. Geniculate ganglion

        3. Orientation

        4. Direction

        5. Spatial frequency

        6. Colour

        7. Binocular vision

• • 3. Extrastriate cortex, Brodmann area 18, Brodmann area 19

• • • 1. V2

      2. Visual cortex#Third visual complex, including area V3

         1. Dorsomedial area

         2. Ventral tegmental area

      3. V4

      4. Dorsal Prelunate (DP)

      5. V5/MT

• • 4. Higher visual cortical areas

• • • 1. Medial superior temporal area

      2. Parietal lobe

         1. LIP (Lateral intraparietal)

         2. VIP (Ventral Intraparietal)

         3. MIP (Medial Intraparietal)

         4. AIP (Anterior Intraparietal)

         5. CIP (Caudal Intraparietal)

      3. Brodmann area 7

• • • • 1. Inferotemporal cortex

• • • 4. Broadman area 22

      5. Cuneus

      6. Superior Frontal Sulcus (SFS)

      7. Superior temporal sulcus

      8. Frontal Eye Fields (FEF)

• 7. Superior colliculus

  8. Pulvinar nuclei

  9. Caudate nucleus