C.6.1 - Define the term semantic web

The Semantic Web is an idea of World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee that the Web as a whole can be made more intelligent and perhaps even intuitive about how to serve a user's needs. Berners-Lee observes that although search engines index much of the Web's content, they have little ability to select the pages that a user really wants or needs. He foresees a number of ways in which developers and authors, singly or in collaborations, can use self-descriptions and other techniques so that context-understanding programs can selectively find what users want - TechTarget

A review of the semantic web field - ACM - Feb 2021 - Pascal Hitzler

C.6.2 - Distinguish between the text-web and the multimedia-web

The traditional web is seen as being text based, the semantic web is multimedia based.

Note: Develop an appreciation of the possibilities and limitations associated with the continuing evolution of the web.

Text web refers to all the text based web-pages, like Wikipedia. Multimedia refers to pages that use pictures, videos and sound, like YouTube. Notice that it is much easier for Google to index the text web than it is to index the multimedia web. More sophisticated tools and techniques that link and interpret the meaning of multimedia pages will make the semantic web much more powerful than Google searches.

C.6.3 - Describe the aims of the semantic web

Note: Emerging technologies are modifying users’ behaviour.

To retrieve a larger variety of information in a more "intelligent" way.

C.6.4 - Distinguish between an ontology and folksonomy.

An ontology is a system for classifying and organising information. That organisation must follow the rules and systems required by the ontology, and is probably performed by "professional" workers, like web-developers.

C.6.5 - Describe how folksonomies and emergent social structures are changing the web.

Note: Emerging technologies are modifying users’ behaviour.

C.6.6 - Explain why there needs to be a balance between expressivity and usability on the semantic web.

Note: Emerging technologies are modifying users’ behaviour.

• Multimedia vs Text

• Categorization vs Content

• Supply vs Distribution

C.6.7 - Evaluate methods of searching for information on the web.

Note: Teachers must address issues relating to searching for non-text based files/multimedia files such as using feature analysis.

• Best practice- Get your videos found by Google search

• What is Google image search and how does it work?

• Enable search result features of your site - Google web developers

• How machine learning in search works - Search engine journal - May 2020

C.6.8 - Distinguish between ambient intelligence and collective intelligence.

• Slide Show about Ambient Intelligence

• The Delphi Technique for Collective Intelligence

C.6.9 - Discuss how ambient intelligence can be used to support people.

Note: Students will be expected to have researched examples such as biometrics, nanotechnologies. Develop an appreciation of the possibilities that ambient intelligence provides in supporting people when carrying out routine tasks.

Examples

Biometrics are ways of identifying you using your unique physical characteristics, such as your:

• fingerprints

• facial structure

• eye

• voice

• The future of biometrics - Convenience or privacy - thomsonreuters - June 2017

• What is a Nanocomputer?

• Nanotechnology in healthcare - nanowerk 2017

C.6.10 -Explain how collective intelligence can be applied to complex issues.

Students will be expected to have researched examples such as climate change, social bookmarking and stock market fluctuations.

AIM 5 Engender an awareness that effective collaboration and communication can resolve complex problems.

S/E, AIM 8 Emerging technologies are modifying users’ behaviour.

TOK It is possible to have a collective intelligence greater than the sum of the contributors.

Collective Intelligence (Wikipedia)

The Climate CoLab

The goal of the Climate CoLab is to harness the collective intelligence of thousands of people from all around the world to address global climate change. Inspired by systems like Wikipedia and Linux, the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence has developed an on-line forum where citizens create, analyze, and select detailed proposals for what to do about climate change.

Social Bookmarking

In social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging), users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. The resulting information structure can be seen as reflecting the collective knowledge (or collective intelligence) of a community of users and is commonly called a "Folksonomy", and the process can be captured by models of collaborative tagging.

Stock Market Predictions

Because of the Internet's ability to rapidly convey large amounts of information throughout the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock prices and stock price direction has become increasingly viable. Websites aggregate stock market information that is as current as possible so professional or amateur stock analysts can publish their viewpoints, enabling amateur investors to submit their financial opinions and create an aggregate opinion. The opinion of all investor can be weighed equally so that a pivotal premise of the effective application of collective intelligence can be applied: the masses, including a broad spectrum of stock market expertise, can be utilized to more accurately predict the behavior of financial markets.