poverty2
Mon 03/10/08
- billl and melinda gates foundation
- religious organizations
- catholic relief services - great work in hiv/aids and so forth
- lutheran world relief - in 35 different contries
- world vision
CARE
cost of war - 12.1 million per day
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Wed 03/12/08
Uganda's Rebel Resistance
rights of children
- 1980 Milton Obote becomes president after elections
- 1986 yoweri museveni - no-party system .. installed by rebel groups .. became a takeover there .. has a no-party system .. so US would lok upon this as an instance of a lack of free and fair elections
- rebel groups
- Lord's resistance army
- Joseph Kony - raised a catholic was an altar boy -- he believes that angels are guiding him and that he has a responsibli9lity in response to these messages from angels that he clense the acholi ethnic group
- Operated in north from bases in Sudan and now DR Congo
- The allied democratic forces (adf) supported by Sudan (islamic group)
even the allied democratic forces operated with the help of the sudanese government
Kony was living in bases in south sudan until recently and now has bases in the DR of the congo
Children as victims of war
- abducted to serve as chld soldiers
- abducted to serve as sex and domestic slaves
Sierra leon .. young peple had perpetrated immense amounts of violence against the people -- captured and made pprt of the resistance movements ..
sr. mary was trying to work on recons==ciling the children .. so this is also the case in Uganda where children were abductedd to serve as soldiers for groups above
Grace Akalio .. one of an estimated 30,000 abducted children
one of the things that the children often experience .. they are beaten and they are forced to kill someone which makes them feel like there is no turning back -- kill or be killed
Peace talks
- brokered by southern sudan's vp riek macher
- held in 2006 after 20 years of conflict
- Issues
- Conditions for a ceasefire
- political participation
- amnesty forrebels
- joseph koney's fate (wanted by the icc = international criminal court)
- return of refugees (1.5 millions est. dispalced
- pyschological healing for children and families
Rights of children - "need for special safeguards"
because of the vulnerability of children, they have special need for protection -- has been recognized over time
- 1924 . geneva declaration of the Rights of the Child .. - puts forth the principles of what kinds of protections children ought to be able to enjoy
- 1948 universal declaration of human rights = article 23
- 1959 - UN Delcaration of the Rights of the Child
- 1989 - UN Convention on the Rights of the Child .. document that has greater force
- adopted by the general assembly 20 november 1989
- entered into force 2 september 1990 .. happened within one year .. very short amout of time for entering into force
signing on vs ratification
the president of the country would sign on but another level of commitment to it .. ratifying .. usuallly dohne by legislative bodies .. the US has not ratified this convention
ratify: really going to put into place the protections that are needed
Children's rights
- 3 protect the best interests of the child .. responsibility of the country to give these rights
- 6 right to life, survival and development
- 7-8 registration, name, identity
- 9 security in family .. protecting family life
- 11 combat illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad .. when for example a marriage breaks up .. ex where women have and men have interreligous marriage .. cristian + muslim in iraq .. if that marriage breaks up and the person leaves the country with the hhild -- the males willl pursue the child
- 12 freedom - to form views, conscience, expression
- 27 Standard of living adequate to full development .. children should not be volnerable to poverty -- different level of obligation
- 28 right to education
- 29 protection from economic exploitation
- 34 - .. sexual expoitation
- 35 preventin of abduction, sale or trfficking of children in any form
- 37 Protection from lorture, cruel and degrading treatment of any form
- 38 protection from particpation in hostilities before age 15 between 15 and 18
- 39 promotion of physical and psychological recovery and social integration of child victims
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Fri 03/14/08
biofuels - make the price of corn go up -- so the price of food goes up.
global 2000
normal borlog working with this sasacawa from jaban .. why are you doing this for india and packistand and not africa .. so through global 2000 and the carter center (jimmy) in atlanta. trying to replicate the green rovlution in africa .. trying to make it a doubly greeen -- environmentally sustainable as well.
large coorporations have the seed the fertilizer , the trucks to move things to market .. vertical integratioo
can that be replicated in africa so that there would be sustainability .. we know from jeffery sachs that africa even despite this work with small acorage farms and working with a type of soild that has the nutrients .. if they lose the wwrkers to disease, what's going to happen to these programs that they have in eutiopia, mali, nigeria, and uganda.
food first is the org. that looks at the whole global system of food and global agriculture
soil being alive .. layer of topsoil around the world .. getting less and less du to different kinds of ersonion , becaase of the application of pesticides.
sustainable agriculture .. a lot to do with the quality of the soil -- how do we make agriculture more susainable so that the food produced has the nutrients in it that are needed and so peoope have access to the $$ needed to buy food
compex system
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Wed 03/26/08
paper due Monday
exam pushed to Monday
for friday - visit -
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/mdg2007.pdf
subsaharan africa .. sustanence farming
women's access to land .. inherit the land if the husband, etc .. important factors and sometimes, nations have to change their laws in order for such things to come into play
who produces the food?
there are some conglomerants .. cargil (grain market throughout the world)
adm "feed the world"
conagra .. these are some of the investors, financiers etc
suppliers .. huge cooprpartions supply seed fertilizer, the whole .. even some times equipment that might be needed
way of irrigating the land and so forth
processors: those that are within a nother leve within the whole food system .. taking the raw materials and making it into food
nestle, cargil, philip morris
regulators .. US government
financiers and investors -- IMF etc
consumers .. everyone! everyone needs to have food .. how sanatary how is it produced
investors in the huges cooporpations are looking for short term profits rather tahn long term health of the soil etc
economy of scale .. possible to support or feed the planet ..
documentary "Trashed" .. cooproations acting with a conciense
sustainability .. in food, we need a sustainable sytem and one of the thigs that was mentioned
area of trade .. system of world trade, WTO--> regulates not trade but governments .. trying to promote through the trade agreements the easy movement of goods throughout the world .. promotes that countries work on export markets .. what can they produce that they can get into the trade system and be able to export
the united states for example used to be very productive in heavy industry and we were exporting good through that kind of system
debt -- when countries need to export in order to get money .. to pay their external debt .. that means then that they could not be working in subsistance agriculture .. where people on their small plot of land were able to produce the food for the family
chily pepers had a market internationally so the farmer should grow that .. but the farmer says I need food to feed my family
decline in subsistance agriculture ..
can the chili peppers provide enough money to buy food, medicine, education
fair trade
WTO is working on free trade agreements .. such as NAFTA .. an agreement (not WTO) Canada, USA, and mexico done in 1994 promoted , over a 15 year period of time, they would relax any kind of tarifs -- minimize tarifs ..
NAFTA worked to the advantage of the US and put a lot of small farmers in mexico out of business
with the US really good at producing corn, we were able to sell our corn at a really low proice .. small farmers moved to the cities and couldn't find a job
what would happen if we were to cut our consumption of meat?
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Fri 03/28/08
pro-vegetarian
-lack of sufficient food and calories
- a lot of the grains are going to the cattle and the livestock
- protein
- beans, etc as source of protein
- antibiotics for animals
- factor farm of animals
pro-meat
- ignorance of nutrition
- concern for the animals that are let go and the population of them .. what would we do?
- quality of diet
- tastes good
- economic effects
- psychological need for meat, status symbol
- real problem - distribution
"if it has a mother, don't eat it" - hard core vegitarian
food security / insecurity
economic theory
- "bubble up" - broaden economic purchasing power throughout the public sector; bottom up .. rebate checks .. putting money back in your pocket to spend and stimulate the economy
- "trickle down" - net gains for the wealthy will enable the economy to grow and benefits trickle down to less well-off; if the wealthy get greater tax breaks etc .. they will invest and it will stimulate theeconomy more jobs .. etc
free market
- an economic market operating by open competition ..
when the solviet union fell apart, one of the things they did, instead of doing a free market within the contries, they starteed to open up to te world
free trade
- trade based on the unrestrcted international exchange of goods -- goods should move readily accross boarders .. in the EU .. wwen they talk about trade they talk about the easy movement of people are well .. workers would be able to go where the jobs are
world trade organization
- global internatioonal organization taat deals with the rules of trade between nations (originally the global agreement on ) .. deal wit the rules of trade .. who decides the rules .. the countries that become members of the wto .. russia is asking to be a member of the wto, china asked and is now a part
most nations are a part of it
sucessor to the general agreent on tarrifs and trades
free trade agreement
an internatiinal gagreement on conditions of trade in goods and services
- bilateral agreement - 2 contries
- multilateral agreements - three or more
effects of "free trade"
- removes tariffs on imports that had ben in on the past .. tarrifs were a way of protecting the industries within the old contry
- reorients domestic production - "competitive advantage" . find what you're good at and make your trade bult around that .. if it's creating catepillers, then do so, petroleum-> russia
- moves economies toward "export" production
- causes rural to urban migration - .. we've seen the growth of cities and a heavy concentration of populations in urban areas
market shortcomings
- the market responds to money more than individual preferences
- the market is "blind" to social and resource costs of production .. we don't build into the whole system the real costs
- the market leads to concentration of economic power. .. multinational corporations .. companies can have a greater net worth than the cdp of some countries
NAFTA
North American free trade agreement
ccored with canada, usa, and mexico on 17 dec 92
-ratified by three legislatures
fast track authority: up or down vote -- can't say " i don't like this particular line"
legislatures would not be able to tear it apart
you vote up or down and its a done deal
prsidents want that becausee they think they can expidite the process
- entered into force 1 jan 94
- frist agreement between two indstrial states and a develoig contry
NAFTA
1. phases out tariffs over 10-15 years .. some were harder to get rid of
2. establishes proccedures to settle disputes .. "you are violating the trade agreement"
3. rights and obligations o servides and investments
4. establishes procedures to address environmental issues
NAFTA chapter 11
investors rights
they didn't know the effects of that particular chapter
the free market and hunger
"food flight" - esp with respect to the use of agriculture and the fact that our products have readily been able to go into mexico .. reorients production to export products .. economies not producing their own food . so now we have a global trading system with food as well
supernmarket redlining" - market forces operate
areas of urban places where the stores, supermarkets have tended to move out of the inner city into the suberbs and this has lead to supermarket redlining .. the relocting of supermarkets in areas so much so that in some polaces you might find that here are where people living in poverty have no access to food except maybe high priced convenience stores
fair trade coffee
- small farmer (50% of the market).. get "fair" price for production
- processed by cooperative
- local buyers
- exporters
free vs fair trade coffee
free:
large producers
transnatinal cooprorationsimporters
roasters
distributors
retailers
consumers
fair:
farmers
form cooperatives
for monday mdg questions
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Wed 04/02/08
Millennium Development Goals
2007: a mid-way assesment
being done by thhe un .. body charged to take care of the monitoring process
eight!!! goals
tolerance.org report Intelligence report .. they monitored hate groups in tee us and found out that by 2007 there were 888 registered hate groups in the US .. interactive map on their web site </sidebar>
Goal 1: eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
decreasing or getting most people above the poverty line .. a miving target .. always set at the number of people who earn less than a certain amount .. but as income rises, there's still always people on the bottom
- halve between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of peoople whose income is less than $1 a day
- 1.25 billion to 980 million persons living on <$1 / day from 1990 to 2004
- declines are uneven with lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa .. very often lag behind the other oountries
- PRC ( people's republic of china) accounts for most of the imprvement .. because why? what did china do? moved to a market economy opened up their syystem from being a centrally planned economy into steps toward a market based economy using one of their valuable resources .. people .. human capital and they worked hard on education .. also did a significant thing in curbing the growth of their population (China's only child) , recognized what would happen to the population growth if it was left unchecked so they introduced an only child policy. so china accounts for most of the gain globallyy
- Rising inequality (gap)
on monday test: countries we studied .. you will have to id whcih country the info refers to, also relate to the millennium development goals
global north and global south:
when we talk about the wealth gap sometimes we say that the more developed nations are in the north and the lesser developed tend to be in the southern portions of the hemispheres.
what we find now with the wealth gap is that the global north invades the global south (millionares located in the south) and the global south has invaded the north ... poverty is pervasive .. regions in the US where we again ahve an increasing gab between the rich and the poor
- Halve between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
- proportion of underweight children declined by 15 1990-2004
- Eastern Asia showed greatest imporvement (china again) . china leading the way in reaching this particular goal
Goal 2: ensure universal primary education
// goals a multifaceted approach to ending poverty
// why so significant?
- net enrollment ration increased from 80% to 88% in developing world
- in 2005, 72 million children were not in school 57% are girls) <-- 1/4 of the US population!
30% of sub-saharan africa's children were not in schoool <-- gain not even; why does sub-saharan africa have so many not in school .. nutrition, desease, lack of resources to even buld schools .. distance from facilities .. all of those can be factor
- 1/5 children old enough for secondary school are still innprimary school
- underestimated because of unreliable attendance data, effects of conflict, etc.
Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women
** highly significant .. no development can really be achieved without the empowerment of women .. a key to good development .. and in som any places i the world, that is not achieved
- gradual increase in women's paid non-agricultural employment
- more women labor in agriculture and are unpaid (ie sub-Saharan Africa) .. most of the women are those tht do the food production and taht's non-paid work
- women are gaining ground politically esp. in countries that set a gender quota system
- rwanda 49% - 14 yer anniversary when rwanda began the 100 day sof geniside
- sweden 47%
- costa rica 39% closest to parity in this hemisphere
is afirmative action constituional?
giving womenaa voice .. putting money in the hands of a women proved more beneficial in pulling the family out of poverty than giving it to males
Goal 4: reduce under Five Child Mortality by 2/3
most significant is that in the developing world, children are the most volnerable to erly loss of life
- in 2005, approx 10.1 million!! children under five died
- pace of progress again uneven
- highest death rates in sub_sharan Africa (166/1000) and southern asia (82/1000)
- aids (can be mother to child), malaria, and conflict
so again the region that shows the gretet vulnerability is in Arica
- improved immunization coverage
- vaccinations spur 60% decline in death due to measles (2000 -2005)
Goal 5: Reduce by 3/4 the maternal mortality ratio
- every year .5 million women die during pregnancy or childbirth (esp in sub-sharan Africa, where chances are 1/16, and southern asia) .. brings great hardship to families
- lack of health care professionals and midwives
- rural/urban divide
- educational attainment divide
- unmet need for family planning services
limited food -- what the women will do is they will provide the food first to the father and then the children and they eat last .. so that too can cause difficulties with child and maternal mortality
goal 6: combat hiv/ads, malaria and other deseases
- globally, hiv infection rate is leveing off and about equals death rate due to aids
- deaths continue to rise in sub-Sharan Africa
- infection rates are highest in Eastern Asia and CIS (commonweath of independent states .. part of the soviet block)
- more than half of hiv infectied are women
- rate of new infections far exceeds numbe treated with antiretroviral therapy even though the treatment has increased
- hunger also an impediiment to sucess .. to take antiretroviarla drugs you have to have eaten
the deaper the poverty, the more likely people are to be in hunger and then the drugs if available would not work.
in southern and eastern part of africa, heavy consentration of HIV/AIDS
goal 6: combat hiv/ads, malaria and other desseases
- malaria-control more effective
- 80% goal of insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) by 2010 (roral zones in torrid climates
- increased resistance to drug treatment noted
- tb
8.8 million new caes in 2005 with 1.6 million deaths
- new strains that are resistand to first-line durg treatment
paul farmer -- doctor .. lived in poverty in the US . practices medicine in haiti .. his belief is that people in pverty deserve the same access to healthcare as anyone else in the wor and he has spent his time half the year in hati and half the year working an d teaching in the medical schoool in harvard
doing research and consultant around the world to working with TB and ending TB
credited with identifying drug resistant TB
Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability
- 3% of world's forests lost between 90 and 2005.
- loss at rate of 200 sq. kilometers/day
- tree planting rates
- loss of glbal biodiversity
- increae in proportion of prtected areas
- increase in endangered species (eg. marine life, where 22% of world's fisheries are sustainable, habitat for polar bear)
- greenhouse gas emissions outpace advances in sustainable energy tecyhnologies
- 12% enegery dervied from renewable sources (represents 0.5%of consumption)
- global effort to eliminate ozone depleting substance
- access to basic sanitation needed by 1.6 billion people --> vulnerability to disease
goal 8: develop a global partnership for development.
in order from development to work, we have to have partners between dev'd and dev'ing
cap and trade .. business invest in cleaneer technology and then they can sell their credits . uses insentives rather than fines
.. has brought down pollution significantly
.. could do the same with global warming
- development assitance aas fallen
- debt service burden is decreasing
- greatest need: land locked and small island countries .. need to most development assistance
we can afford to help -- we can't afford not to help
-- poverty cause of greater conflict death, etc
helping the land locked countries .. poland , sub-saharan africa .. bolivia-(lost it to its neighboring cuntry)
- preferential market access stalled for developing countries
.. roads inadequate
- full employment for youth needed
- 30% youth unemployment in Northern Africa
.. why are some youth joining rebel groups
- uneven access to technology
so these 8 goals .. very significant .. important as we reflet on the solutions to poverty
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Fri 04/04/08
on test
stem and you hve to decide which country it is
we will have millennium development goals
and multiple choice built around items on guide.
section on terms -- name the term.
55 questions for 50 points.
take home essays.
shortfall in development assistance.
email essays by wednesday.
over seas development assistance (oda)
oecd
where is the need and where is the hsortfall
how the shortfall hhs accumilated over time.
What is "foreign aid"?
- military or economic assitance that one country gives to help another
- bilateral aid - given directly from one country to another
- multilateral aid - given throuhg international and other institutions ie, UN, World Bank, CARE, Catholic charities etc)
Foreign aid purpose: to create foreign markets for us prudcts, esp. arms sales.
e give aid to help achieve our market goals
also so that we can help our coorporations .. coorporate welfare
trying to dreate a secure climate in another ountry for coorporations
the complaints
- foreign aid aids the giver, not the recipient. the truth of the matter is here that over sseas development assistance dollars are mainly spent not in the recipeint country but here in our own country ... we say that we will sell you this, but we get it from our own farmers, companies etc. weapons.
- corruption is a major problem - many funds end up in private bannk accounts.. leader's bank accounts. there are takers all along the line
philanthropy .. people prefer money to come privately vs fro the government
level of corruption - not only ih developing countries
- the leaders get the money, not the people. .. this coould be interrelated with corruption .. and in some instances this is ture -- ferdinand marcos .. much of the $$ that went to the phillipoines ended up in the bank account of F.
- richer nations recieve the most assistance .. much of the foreign aid dollars in the us to other countries goes to israel .. not really a poor country .. but w're trying to suport a democracy in te middle east
the reality
- little to show for ODA because of low level of aid - we give too little .. so minimal .. we give the equvalent of 6 cents per person of aid to countries in africa.
- amercians know little about africa where need is greatest .. misconecptions. it can be called the dark continent for a real reason .. we are in the dark about that continent .. not that africa is dark but we are with not havin ga knowledge about it
- pro-poor trade is necessary .. unless trade is done in a way that is in favor of the people in poverty and not necessarily the wealthy coorporations, that has to be the focus
- less poverty generally leads to lower population growth .. population contral an dlimitation is mooe likely as family income increases and education
- some countries more than other benefit from globalization " rising tide" does not necessarily lift all boats .. this is true if the boat is near the shore -- if you're nn the margin, it shows up .. if you're in the middle of the lake, you don't experience it
the "foreign aid" debate
- view from the left
- egalitarian perspective
- emphasis on moral principles
- aid promotes greater internatinal equality
- view from the right
- concern for results and accountability
- concern for markets - distortion if we give aid .. that does happen .. a bit of thruth in these .. we give aid lets say food aid and it undrcuts farmers in another country .. that's a reality
- creates climate of dependency - welfare arguement
- waste and inefficiency .. all along the trail, people are taking off somehing from it
Aid & global concerns
- debt crisis - g8, those governments like the us , germany, france, gb, russia, italy .. japahn . major economies that come together and they establish thhe iinitiative to aid highly indebted country
- relatoon to rtrade policy
- trade + aid .. trade alone cannot meet the needs of these extremely poor countries
- science for development
- health
- agriculture
- energy
- environment and climate - climate change is making a sginifcant impact in the future
- water
sach's ondevelopment aid
- learn what countries need
- base on poverty reduction strategy papers
- create by each country
how do we know what they need? go to them and ask them .. people who are in poverty themsleves writing the poverty reduction papers
- the imf and world bank responsible for raising the necessary development dollars .. that means going to the richer countries and saying you have to raise your amount
Qualities aid must have to alleviate extreme pverty
- sustained - don't just give a few dollars and quit
- sufficient - enough
- predictable - contries can rely on it (see sustained)
- harmonious with pverty reduction strategy of country - what the people say that they need .. there have been huge development projects that countries have taken on thht were really worthless
historical trend of usa aid
declined over time
- marshall plan to rebuld europe ($13billion) .. after wwii
- cold ware era - politically motivated . much of our aids was given to the friends who would be on our side n the cold war - political gain
- 1960s foreign assistance act set up US AID (agency for international development), Peace Corps -- jfk . ask what you can do for your country
- 1990s - declining contributions (a thrid of 1% of GDP)
- post 9-11 - increased foreign assitance -- because we needed help to fight ehw war on terrorism .. so a lot of the aid after 9/11 was in the form of military asistance .. and new friends . pacistan
US foreign aid: % of federal outlay
many people in the us think we give about 25% to foreign aid .. less than 1% of our budget
.. but if we take into account charities .. then its realy 6%
kinds of usa foreign aid
- security needs (e.g., anti-terrorism - most of our aid comes here
- supporting democracy - big thing
- agricultural and rural improvements
- health care
- population planning - but nothing that would be related to the use of condems or abortion
- child survival asistance
- disaster relief
distribution of usa's aid
- miliary aid and security
- department of defense
- department of state
- development and food aid .. school lunch to third world countries
- agency for international development
- department of agriculture
global health and poverty
- millennium challenge account (focuses on african continent)
- pewaiswnr bush'a proposal to iccrease foreign aid by $10 billion over 3 years
- goal to reach $5 billion by 2006.
- usa "fights poverty because hope is an answer to terror" - why do we do this?
- was ging to be overseen by a private organization.
Millennium challenge account
requirement of recipients
- respect human rights
- fight corruption - bribes less likely to work in our country
- spend sufficient amount on health and educatin
- open markets
americaa private giving exceeds us governmental aid
so 4/5 of our aid is non-gvoernment aid
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Fri 04/11/08
free the slaves.org
1863 - emancipatin proclamation
freed slaves in the south
1865 - 13th amendment abolishes slavery
legacy of slavery
-----------------
discrimination - descendants / and people of the same ethnic or racial background because that was the form of slavery
poverty - economic
level of education
in the dominant group - apathy
stereotyping - the other is inerently less intelligent
dehumanization of the masters
level of violence
does something to the soul of a nation ... legacy still weights on the US as a whole.
apologized for slavery in teh us? has our goverrment done that?
apology and reparation
for - can help heal - we've compensated others, so equity demands that we do that for african americans as well, when the slaves were freed they were not given ways to rebuild their lives .... can offer it to descendants .. help then rebuild their lives - economic socially, culturally
not for - how do you quantify .. how to determine compensation packages .. but we did it in 9/11 .. that kind of calculatin would be extremely difficult but possible .. would have its flaws, but would it be better than not doing it at all?
- who should be compensated?
slavery today vs older times. legal .. in the north even ..
evil and making restitution .. how do we even calculate that .. restitution for a wrong and another is to restore (oresoring the pople to th fullest
legal obligation
3. changes to slavery.
old: paid a lot of money .. now .. too easy to get them .. they're cheap ..
availability in the past compared to now
length of time for life vs a few years
ethnicity .. today nay person can be help in slavery.
most likely to be in slavery because of their vulnerability
global system of slavery
what should the governments be doing .. education .. help to educate the public.
how do you see to it that the legal framework is established and that it has teeth .. you have to train the police so that they will be able to recognize the signs .. have to be consequences for those involved in human traficking .. not just a slap on the wrist.. rehab of those who have been held in slavery.
kevin bales .. presentation on his investiagion on slavery
sometimes even within policde forces there is corruption
different organizations.
in Not for Sale .. back of book is a whole list of ONGs
new blog related to slavery.
Hagar . . Sarah's slave
sarah jealous of hagar .. so she beats her, and banishes her.
so a real tragic story ... one of the ongs named hagar .. how do we restore people into teh communnity
know hagar story
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Wed 04/16/08
26 million slaves
child laborers, carpet factories
why so many slaves ..
negative consequence of globalization
consumers want things at the lowest possible price .. that means more slaves.
want a lot for our dollar
poverty - a lot of families will send their children off to work thinking that they'll get paid ..
pooerty is going to escalate .. even though the mdg have been set.
lack of education
lust - personal pleasure that individuals seek and so forth
now, batstone writes about evil and we can try and fathom why is there slavery?
is there anything about the human person .. what is the nature of the numan person and does that say something to us about slavery? he's talking about how to swe define slavery and who is actually indicationg that slavery is an evil?
addressing this question and saying who definies slavery .. who's percieving it to be slavery?
looking at slavery as evil and that it took us time to come to that throughout history slavery was not always deemed an evil .. thouusands of yers ago wit was an accepted practice
it was normative, nomral , ok
but when we started to have it be defined not by society in general but taking it from the perspective of the victim .. person enslaved and seeing it from that persons perspective, that's when we came to see tht it has certain characteristics where the individual is without freedom, unpaid and held by violence .. so the basic rights of the individual
in understaading slavery balses prings the facets of slavery out inthe second chapter page 26
the individual is intentionally harmed
now, i think that generally speaking this is probably something that as an ethic we would asribe to .. the dahli lama when talking about a universal ethic speaks about do no harm .
individuals held in slavery are experiencing a lot of harm .. someone is doing it to them
also very interesintg .. francis bach came here .. young man who was held in slavery in the sudan .. treated like an animal .. had to watch the animals for this animal holder and he even lived in the bbarn with the animals .. was fed minimal amounts never given food or anything like that .. well noo quality food was held like that for 10 years. in his mind, he always knew he would get away and he was free in his mind and he kept saying " i am not an animal" .. refused to accept the definiition even thought in reality he was held as a slave, he kep looking at himself as a human person, not subhuman
flim - rehabilitation for the people held in slavery ... important .. self image/ worth affected by their experiences.
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Mon 04/21/08
International Slavery Agreements
Human Rights and the International Definition of Slavery
final essay -- on slavery. 800 words
slavery vs human trafficing ..
slavery -- dificulty of coming to consensus of what it really means
talking about evil and what is an evil
and bales was suggesting that there was a hwole evolution in looking at the meaning of slavery and we made great strides forwrd as a human family / comunity when we began to look at evil from the view of hhe victim.
bright to light that human beings ... and blacks were counted as 3/5 of a person. looking at the victim and the victim's perspective
when we think about he nature of evil we also are considering who is the human person
and intalking about who the human person is , we're saying its an individual who has digninity and who has certain characteristics like rationality -- has rights and will say, at least in the catholic church -- rights imply responsibilities
they're correlative .. if you have a right, i have a responsibility to respect your right so that is certainly a critical point and i know that when we think about eh the human rights regeme , there are individuals who will say its important to emphasize the rights over the responsbilities .. esp when we're talking about huge power differentials
so if we say you have a right to freedom of speech, we recognize that there are times when you just can't say anythng
some forms of speak need to be regulated.
.. power differential esp in respect to states -- the government has a whole lot of power .. more than inidividuals .. " the state must respect certain rights of the inidividuals .. important to focus on what is the responsibility of the state.
when we're talking about evil .. you can look at it from the standpoint of personal and also social
many many times in our consideration of what is an evil act, personal acts and social structures, i'm going to talk about.
an evil act would be a choice (free will) to do some kind of harm to another
so the dalhli llama .. says basic rule - do no harm .. but you can think of examples when a parent takes a child and pulls their arm out of the fire .. so what's the intent .. and the intent was protection and therefore one would not classify that as an evil act
so you have to jmake some diferentiation
social structures .. slavery and human trafficking .. international debt situation, social structures that are contributing to our problems with respect to the environment.
these structures are not something that we might say are deliberate personal acts but rather something in which we participate
there's a difference .. so we think about the consumer .. fair trade. if we choose to each chocolate and we don't bother to thinkk about where it comes from .. devine chocolate .. fair trad
or we buy a lugxurious rug and we don't bother looking if it has the rug mark label .. here's an instance where we cna be a part of the structure
also important to think about human rights and their origin
ethic of compassion .. be a compassionate person .. has a spiritual ethic behind it
acquinas talks about something called natural law
.. where do human rights come from ? acquinas says natural law context.
for him, it's rooted in the principles of the good.
and that every human person has this inside him or her -- pull or desire to pursue the good.
so when we're talking about he principles of avoiding evil, it stems from the princples of the good.
how do you know what mright be considered evil?
look at object, end and circumstances
.. does this mean that it's totally relative? no .. we can look at how hit relates to the pursuit of the good -- will it lead to the ultimate good?
human rights,then can also be considrrered to be coming from natural law. -- that which is a part of the human person.
are human rights universal? in western countries, we certainly have had the perspective that yes they are .. doesn't matter if its someone from Korea, Uganda, etc.. human rights are human rights and they cut accross all countries.
they are also inherrent and inailienable-> non transferrable.
and they are indivisible .. the whole of the human rights regeme in its totality -- can't say that one right is more important than another.
what the human community ahs come to see ahs human rights.
Strength of agreements
- erga omnes (toward all)
jus cogens (compelling law) - certain area like genocide .. considered a compelling law .. lines tigers, unicrosn.
jus dispositivum - law subject to dispensation of pprties) - states are bable to sign un but make some separate speciffications
slavery convention (1925)
- slavery - the status or condition of a person over whom any of all of the powers attaching to the righh ownership are.
- forced labor - states are to prevent compulsory or forced labor foom developing into consitionds analogous to slavery
- defines also what is not considered forced labor
dd
conscription is permissible. military duty, civic obligations - following traffic laws
prson inmake can be required to do work for the prson
in a case of an empergency, wehn you're concerned about hew lfare of the whole population
in the unversal declaration of human rights
- servitude - no one shall be held in slavery or servitude
- slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms
supplementary convention (1956)
- SERVILE STATUS -
practices that creat eht ecircumstance of servile status should be abolished
- debt bondage - victimes of debt bonndage .. country of packistan .. south east agia .. where a plege for a debt i made and this can be in herited . so if your father has the debt it can be passed on
- serfdom - serving someone else, taking care of their property
- enforced marriage - servile status
- exploitativoe child labor - doesn't mean "clean your room"
economic social and cultural convenant
- freedom to chooose work -- the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his/her living by work wich sh/he freely chooses ..
this covenant, the univeersal declaration, and this one on econ social and cultueral .. comprize the international bill of rights.
declaration on the elimination of all forms of violence against Women '96
- violence against women shall include trafficking in women and forced prostitution
- rape defined as a War crime (beijing, 1996) by the 4th internatinal meeting on women. 1996
in 1998 - rome final act
trafficking - slavery is the exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a persona and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in person, in particular womeen and children.
three dimensions of slavery:
- coercive - loss of free will
- labor power is appropriated
- through the use of violence, or the trhead of violence
page 58.
forms of slavery
- white slavery
- forced labor
- debt bondage
- child prostitution
- forced prostitution /adults
- sexual slavery
these forms of slavery involve all three dimensions
practices with elements of slavery
- rocord marriage
- aprtheid
- incest
- organ harvesting
- caste system
- prison labor
new abolitionists
- internatinal justice mission
- http:/www.ijm.org/
- funded in 1997 by gary haugen
objectives
- vitim relief
- perprerator accountabitiy
victim, afttercare
structural prevention.
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Wed 04/23/08
Non-Governmental Organizations
in not for sale and in bales, he talks some about some oassociations that are directed to anitslavery and human trafficking . calls them aprt of the movement of NGOs which came to be .. thos whole movement of ngos became more active and stronger in the 1990s and on but they go back proior to that
characteristics of NGOs
students have generated a number of ngos
- non-state actors (shift away from nation-state)
organization of nation states
when we look about structures and this relates even to doing your analisys at the end of the seemster .. we can talk about political, social structures, religions groups mi8ght be a pprt of that .. social cultureal .. we can look at also the economic structures how do we organize economically .. some of the global inntitutions like the wto .. imf international monitary fund and the world bank
the whole world has a whole system .. couttries are actors .. we can also look at plitical: the united nations as part of the political system .. has countries that are members of that .. un is a political actor
religous: churchs , synagogues .. we have other kinds of social cultural organiztions as well. under UN .. unesco , etc
these are related to nation states, but ngo's are non-state actors
we also can look at trans-natinalcooproations .. they would come mooe under the economic but they do have cultureal influence - MacWorld .. pervasive appeareance of organizations world-wide
- not-for-profit (typically)
- voluntary associations - working with it is voluntary ... so that then sometimes gives you the idea that individuals are doing it because they want to
- privately funded - how do you have a good sustaining base when you have to always be generating funds
- outside government - however, it's responsible to the government because governments will make regulations related to organizations .. they have to file paperwork and soforth
sometimes ngos try to obtain a tax-exempt status so that -- 503(c)(3) .. that organization becomes tax-exempt .. but a complicated process to go through
and some that say we don't want to be a 501c3 .. want to be like the people around us
- issue-specific (examples)
- humanitarian aid
- human rights
- development assstance
- sustainabble develoopment
contributions of NGOs
- voluntary associations .. provide opportunities for people to be actively involved
- channel for active citzens to participate
Act
Reflect
tranform
and we can look at some fot eh ngos described
here we have individuals having some experience .. what is the action that you've been doing .. document the experiences you've had .. reflect on them and then do some consideration of how the organization is working in the whole area of transforming where there is injusticde or unjust structures
- means of strengthening civil society .. in a sense creating a stronger network of organizations and so forth .. re they democratic? in the sense that they're grass roots -- can be looked at as an avenue for democracy .. but we don't have people actively voting for
- ability to educate and advocte for issues such as human rights, slavery/human trafficking, torutue, debt relief
jubilee 2000 movement tto provide debt relief
challenges that NGOs face
- accountability -- how accountable are they .. accountablility is critical .. when we think of an ngo .. example salvation army where they're trying to organize and provide funds for the community .. instead of having mulitple organizations doing funding, they try to do it rhough a common fund .. the united way .. an ngo .. has in its history some difficulties where sometimes there were individuals that were obsconding funds for the organization .. we see that happen sometimes with the televangelist religios groups.
when you give funds to the united way, you can earmark them
- establishing a buracracy (structure) .. needs to have a structure in order for it to be able to have longevity and a kind of transparency
- credibility (eg greenpeace, jubliee 2000, etc)
- greenpeace is a huge group taat began in response to nuclear testing and weapons was moving around the world bringing attention to above ground testing .. but sometimes it's gotten a bad rap because of some individualss who engage in activities that get the ire / concern .. esp if the actions might have with them a level of violence
think about the jubliee 2000 movement .. instances where the wto has held meetings and jubilee whent and had a presence because of what was happening at these organizations and there was violence
- financial viability - resource base .. how do you have a financially viable group -- writing grants. doing fund raising
networking and overlapping .. we've got a plutera of ngo's that are involved in , for example, peace movement activities .. so then there can be considered overlapping
but different groups are focusing on different particular issues .. so maybe it's just fine to have a bunch of small ones instead of one massive one .. interst based organizations .. who can then network
- public relations .. how do you get the word out .. that's always a challege.
establishing crdibility
- expert evaluation of projects and activities .. get outsiders to come and so some research and evlauating programs for their effectiveness
how do you provide back foor your resource base information that says this is the use being made for the funds
when you look at some humanitarian relief ngos .. food for the poor or crs or catholic charities all of these kinds of things
salvation army ... what amount of their funding goes actually to the service an dwhat amount of it is devoted to generating more dollars and to the management
- association with credible natinal or regional groups .. habitat for hummanity local groups conneting with natioal groups
- forming alliances with key entities
- obtaining accredidation and endorcements
- finding credible sokespeople .. talk show hosts .. oprah .. when she speaks on behalf of .. that lends some credibility
- sustaining good public relations
- speaking and publishing regularly
- generating a good image trhough newletters, bulletins, press relateaces etc
-- keeping a siginificant preasence online - both web and email
- writing case studies that tell compelling stories from people and communities they serve
amnesty international
ngo that began in 1961
focus is on human rights
began by looking at political prisoners
What amnesty international does
- docuemnts human rights abuses
- publishes country reports .. the us doesn't always like that .. for example in most recent report they ahve document and talked about he isuse of tourture of prisoners in grantanamo bay, we have the most executions in industrialized countries .. uses public reptitation to get countries to take action and pass regislation
- disseminates action alerts to 22 million members
- enlists letters to political prisoners
- conducts campaigns - violence vs. women, counter terror eliminatin of dealth penalty
free the slaves.. visite the web site
not for sale
modern day abolitionists
activities to educate and mobilze a new underground
- immersion trips trhoooough global exchange
- mobilize through
- play - fundraising at athletic events
- learn - developing school currrrrrrrrrricula
- create - jail me for eating chocolate
- work - as an modern day abolutionist
- be - faith communities acting in the spirit of william wilberforce (film amazing grace)
Polaris project
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Fri 04/25/08
Domination system
by wink
forms of power
- - overnship
position - kind, president, political office
character or ethics - for example mohandis ghandi , a person who's very often ih the news-> dahi llama because of his ethic and persuasion really has influenced . not the government of china - morally he has a really high level of power
wealth
access control - gatekeepers
knowlede - is power, information is power in this infomation age, if you lack the information or access to it you have less poer than those who do have it
gender - differences in very many societies
skill - those with tech scills have a power that others do not have
obligation - for example parental power vs that of children
rewards or punishment - state has power, assumes it .. sometimes even the power of life and death .. using punnishment for violations of crimes debter prison
trust - if your pfriends trust you, you have a degree of pover because of that
self determination - power over my own destiny
why poverty and slavery exist today
- a "system " of forces often beyound individual control .. walter wink says that we live in an environment where very often there is a system that operates that's beyound our inidvidual control .. don't we hear a lot of people say "we can't change it"
we hear a lot of that sense of a loss of control - "no one listens to students"
- using violence to maintain unust systems
- economic rights
- politcal rights
- cultural/social biases
- patriarchal gender biases
- hierarchical power relations
who wears the pants?
domination system assumes even if there's not physical violence violence is used to maintain the status quo
domination myth of "redemptive violence"
myths are powerful and in society we operate under myths -- beliefs that are deeply held and tell the story of the human structure.
domination myyth pervades history
- violence "saves"; war brings peace
- "might is right"
- manifested innpervasive rituals in culture
- "scapegoat" mentality : sports and cinema, prson industrial complex - "we will save our society by putting the drug users in prison"
- religious practices and discrimination- this is the religion
- educational system
- production and consumption, etc - domination system con abe manifest in that
slavery can be evident in any one of those
- national security state & international conflicts - nationalism become absolute and feeds in international conflicts
Jesuss Christ's answer to the domination system - A New World Order
what was jesus talking about .. what was God's reign to look like?
- rejectionof domination hierarchies - who should be at the table, patriarchal systems, role of women - he talked with them , too things from them ,etc
- inversion of social order - last shall be first , poor shall be favored, everyone should recieve minimum daily wage. - vinyard parable
- family - all God's people not just relatives
sometimes there's domination in the family system .. there were times when people talked to Jesus and said "blessed is the woman who bore you" .. no, blest are those wo do God's will.
- holiness codes and religious practies - who is impure? - ritual impurities .. what makes a person unclea .. Jesus said its not what goes into a person .. not what we physically do .. it's what comes out of the person.
- rejection of national security state and use of sword .. those who live by the sword die by the sword and he didn't look even when the disciples said .. they looked for a savior who would come and develop .. not the kind of reign
the thrid way - absorb violence rather than inflict violence
not pacifist or militarism .. he took the violence on himself rather taan inflict it on another person
how can we respond not by through passivity not through violence but using a non-violent approach
system of slavery and trafficking
- domination systems
- globalization
- famil
- government
- religion
- economics
- education
slavery and human trafficking for slave like conditions
- complete control of one person by anotther
- by appropriating his/her labor power
- through the use of violence or threat of violence
predictors of slavery in a country
how do you know when a country is going to have a significant amount of lavery
what were some of the things he looked at
if a cuntry has a high infant mortality rate (.61) .. statistically significatn at the .01 alpha level.
- another, how young .. proportion of population <14 year of age (.49) .. as the average age goes up, the system wants to eat some.
- proportion of workforce in agriculture (>34) .. rural and urban devide
bonded laborers .. generally in agriculture
government corruption (30%
government corruption is a symptom of pvoerty
government that will work with the regulation
- level of threat of endangered species (.15)
"redeeming slaves"
- micro, meso, macro levels
- addressing popoulation growth
- strengthening rule of law
- fight government corruption
- creating security through education, leth care, employment gender needs, car of environment
- should slaves be brought back .. ie, redeemed - why? or why not?
is redemption a perpetuation of violence
vs reparation: compensation
final paper: think in terms of systems
monday trafficing
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Mon 04/28/08
patriarchal system within family
imbalence pwer differential
NGO
movie -- dreams die hard
domination -- being able to identify some of the ways in which each of these areas was part of the system
economy -
push - econ in the country that they're from
pull - econ in destination country
use of boycotts - consumer
organization that employs the laberors .. hold them and extract debt from them
debt bondage . inflated costs for transport and lodging, etc .. so they artificually looked like they wre payin ghtmeebut only getting it right back.
government .. domination system . visa needed to stay in the country (T-visa)
anybody tht has a reccord has to be deported .. even thouhg originally syhe was in the country legally
education --> unable to speak the language
concent:
are these individuals giving concent?
can a minor who can't speak the language really give concent
concent actually requires a free decision
concent under false pretences
maria also suffered bcause when she was being tried for murder, she did not have adequate defense concil .. this happens so often with people who are poor.
CAST - coalition against (human) slavery and trafficing
Imoklee workers (CIW)
Casa of Maryland
but there are so many listed in not for sale that you can really investigate and learn more about
look at what can you do paper.
what are some actions that you can do as an individual
what are some reflections that would enable us to 9nvestigate and relate this to the why question
why are things the way they are?
what can be done to transform the unjust structures
religion to help transform.
chapter 6 ....
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Wed 04/30/08
Human Trafficking and Slavery : A Global Problem
trafficking is a global problem .. it actually does have a very human face -- people of different cultures women, children, young girls and
Human trafficking - Defined in Act 3 of ...
Action of
- recruitment
- transportation
- haboring or receipt of persons
the crime is being commited not by the victim but by other inidivudals
by means of:
- threat or the use of force
- coercion, abduction, froce, decption
- the abuse of power as vulnberability
- the giving or receipt of payments or benefits
for the purposes of:
- exploitation through the proositition of others
- sexual exploitation
- forced labor
- slavery or similar practices
- organ removal
trafficking intersects with concerns about:
- labor exploitatin
- sexual exploitation
- irregular migration
- human rights
- gender roles
- transnational crime
- conflict
- poverty and under employment
types of criminal activities
- forgery of offical documents -
frequently this would be a crime against a state -- when you forge documents that is violation of some national legislation
- violating immigration laws .. i the US we have some really grave difficulties with our immigration .. and orderly migratin is hindered by the nature of the laws we have .. we put quotas on the number of people who can enter by nationality, etc
- money laundering - how do you make this , in a sense dirty money clean .. what are the cannels that can be used
- tax evasion - unpaid domestic servants
- corruption of officials - victimization : lies, kidnapping, assault, rape, murder, extortion, theft of documents, torutue, etc
all theee are crimes against the individual
some of the others are crimes against the government
smuggling
- the procurement of the illegal entry into or illegal residence of a person in a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent residen in oorder to obtain directly or indirectly a finaancial or other material benefit
boat people after the vietnam war ,
smuggling of migrants versus trafficking in human beings
smuggling - facilitation of illegal boarder crossing for finanical or other material benefit
crime against the state
trafficking
- threat or use of force explotation
crime against a person
numbers . estimates and guestimates
- the nature of the crime makes it difficult to estimate exactly how many victims are trafficked .. but tere are reasons to believe that they should be counted in the hundrests of thousands - europe
- of the estimated 6000,000 to 800,000 men, women and children trafficked across internatinal borders each year, approximately 80% are women and girls and up to 50% are imiors .. us state dept.
- approximately 50.000 persons are trafiicked in to the USA each year
forms of trafficking
- sexual exploitation, inlcuding prosititon and pornography
- froced labor, including agrictulrue, manufacturihgn (sweatshops), domestic serviitude, fishing
- froced marriage and illegal adoption
- child soldiers
- organ trafficking
causes of trafficking (Bales)
supply-side factors ("push" factors)
- governmental corruption in countries - absense of the rule of law .. a country may have some laws , and signed on to the universal declaration for human rights but if they don't have th personnel that is going to see that the laws are enforced, that can be a problem
- lacking economic opporunities
- level of food produciin (amount of food insecurity) if there is food insecurity that can be a push factor)
- population: density, infant mortality rate, proportion of population < 14 yers of age
- gender discrimination, particularly in access to employment and education and gender based violence
- conflict and displacement from natural and manmade causes.
- cultural practices (eg apprenticeships)
causes of trafficking (demand-side factors9"pull" factors)
- economic inequalities
- labor shortages within countries .. it can get temttn we don't ahve individuals to fill all the positions .. as a country 's populato ages
- growth of global commerical sex indiustry
= restrctive immigration policies that prevent legal admissions for legitimate work purposes
- unregulated labor markets that enable exploittive practices to flourish
- gender discrimination and tolerance of violence
- facilitators of trafficing
- organized criminal operatons
- transnational
- domestic
- oficial (government) corruption
- technooloogy (and its misuse)
- trasport;ation
- commuunication
policy focus today
- sexual exploitation - prostitution, child pornogrppy, etc (less empahsis on the forms of trafficking)
- criminal trafficking operatons, rather than end users of exploited labor
- public inofrmaton and education rather than underlying casues
- trafficking accross borders, not internal trafficking
trafficking victims protection act
the law addresses these key areas:
- prevention
- public awareness and educatin
- protectin
- T visa, certification, benefits, and services to help vectims rebuild their lives
- prosection
- new alwe enformcement tools and efforts
- strategies to address trafficking
- prevention
- empowerment of women
- skills traning and income generation opportunities in home countries
- public education and aweareness program
- effective proection for refulgees and displaced persons and persons who suffer confilct/disasters
- reduction in demand for expoitative labor
protection
- indentification of trafficking survivors
- protection against relatiation by traffickers
- witness proection for those who testify
- protection of families if needed
- reintegration assistance if return takes place
- legal status in host country if return is not safe or desirable
Prosection (lawe enforcement)
- statutes that criminalize human trafficking
- meaningful penalities
- prosection of traffickers, not trafficking victims
- prosectio of corrupt officials
- specialized anti-trafficking untis
- training of lawe enforcement officials
- consultation and coordination of civil society instutions
In summary:
- trafficking is a global problem
- addressing trafficking requires multi-faceted approach that goes well beyound law enforcement
- need to address root causes, economic development, human rights protection, women's empowerment and conflict prevention and resolution
- perspective of VICTIM, remember the faces of trafficking, keep in mind the protection of those who are exploited and abused.
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Fri 05/02/08
act, reflect, transform
act - ask to ride around with the officer at night and see what's going on in our city
act, reflect, tranform should be a part of the final paper.
reflect - .. meeting with peoplein the food banks .. part of reflection
*** hear god's voice calling out to you in the peopole who are suffering poverty.