poverty
Wed 01/23/08
poverty -- state of poverty
state where peple are forced to live without housing, etc .. lack of basic needs
lack of money
why is money so important?we need it for basic needs .. have to go out and buy your own food
justice
-------
writing wrongs commited against invidiviauls that are unable to do so on their own
who says what's wrong?
the other's true interests .
looking at social norms .. we have in the us a bill of rights .. so these are the inteests of every citzen
we have in the world a unservisal declaration of human rights
countries are to pass their legislation so that it conforms with that
writing wrongs -- implies a relationship
justice -- everyone has what they need ... basic sufficiency .. "floor"
but guarrenteed income --> pegged to the median
giving to another what is that persons due
justice system -- if you do wrong then you ought to be punnished. our idea of righting wrongs is based on using that retribution
restorative justice .. when some one has done wrong, how do we restore them back to the community .. bring the victim with the perpetrator .. help the perpetrator understand the suffereing
chap 5 -- hunger and the homeless.
a lot of single mothers become homeless -- why more likely .. single parenting can be a ticket to homelessness
families with medical trama ... without money to pay the bills
when you don't have a reguluar form of income -- seasonal work
people affected bby natural disasters
mentally ill people .. may find this at st. john's
divorce
some of those factors are personal choices
our author (cider) .. talks about the significance of personal choices that individuals make
ex: dropping out of school
substance abuse
divorce
lack of employment
lack of planning
how do i plan ahead
cider talks also though about another aspect -- structural issues:
- lack of affordable housing
- needed: a rent subsidy
on g: bricsa .. poverty in brown county
- access to employment and employment that would provide a living wage: housing wage, medical care
- lack of access to credit .. if you don't have any assets, you can't get credit - physical & personal assets
.. high number of bankrupcies
welfare system that does not keep up with the cost of living
the official usa poverty measure
the cost of a minimum diet times three to allow for expenditure on all other goods and services (Orshansky)
- multiplier represend the after tax mony income of the average family in 1955 relative to the amount of income spect on food
since 1965, the threshold is adjusted annually for inflation
Income as Measure
-----------------
Earnings:
- JOb
- unemployment compesnation
- social security, ssi
- pensions & royalties, rental income; trusts
- alimony, child support, etc.
- beofre taxes income -- so the taxes still come off afterword
and it is income of the entire family .. so children income counted
Poverty thresholds - below it, people are living in poverty
we can have children who are above the poverty but still don't have the basic necesities
.. dollar amounts used to determine pverty status
- vary according to
- size of family
- ages of the members -- > 65 = lower cost of living
- universally applied
- updated annunally for inflation using Consumer PRice Index
2007 thresholds
(weighted averages for under 65 yrs)
One adult - $10,210
Two persons - $13,690
Three persons - $17,170
four - $20,650
minimum wage - $6.50/hr
earnings at minimum wage - $13,520
minimum wage in il - $7.50/hr (4+ employees in the company for that low to take effect)
some states have pegged their minimum wage to the CPI .. in the US, the minimum wage is less than $6.50/hr
Other poverty measures
- consumption (of goods)
should a family below the poverty level have:
a dvd player
a lincoln
a computer
new living room furnature
opportunity costs -- cell phone costs you money you choluld spend on healthcare
- self - reliance - earning capacity, income potential -- ex: 9-11 settlements .. people calculated how much income was lost to the families
- hardship .. meeting your basic needs for heathcare, education, etc
- social exlusion - persistant underclass .. war between the classes
- depth of poverty -
absolute poverty -
relative poverty - relative to, in a sense, the average standard
poverty between countries - our cuntry is richer relative to mexico even though we have billionaires in mexico
absolute poverty - that state where peple are unable to meet their basic needs .. about 1.3 billion globally are living on less than a dollar a day .. and about 1/2 the worl'ds population that is living on $2 a day.
compared to that, we're really rich
criticisms of the official mesaure (nat. acad. sciencdes)
1. excludes in-kind benefits
2. ignores costs associated with working -- it takes money to get the uniform, transportation
3. disregards regional variations in cost of living -- ny vs green bay
4. ignores direct tax payments .. the people who are in poverty are rewarded if they work because they get a tax credit .. if you have worked ..
5. ingnores the differenes in health insurance coverage and medical costs
6. does not account for changing consumption patterns
friday -- meet at arch.
read g: paper
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Mon 01/28/08
paul's pantry
svdp store
salvation army
service project
keep log - write down obserations after time of service -- what happenned whom did yyu interact with, what did you see, feel -- what surprised you
get service hours sign off.
there's a login place at St. John's
portfolio of candidates:
education
jobs
min wage
healthcare
choose about 5
at least from the two big ones and maybe someone from another party
anylize impact on the poor
if you're a person in poverty, who would you vote for?
Poverty: Ruth
"atypical" story
middle class US
court system
husband self employed .. so they couldn't take it out of his paycheck
stealing - was it wrong for her to steal? technically speaking, yes .. but she needed to
Kosher
different synagogue for the food bank
didn't become homeless .. .. joint ownership of house
Broken families
Single Parenthood - Facts
- 1/3 of children born to unwed mothers
.. cohabitation
.. global change in social norms
common law marriage -- yo're just living with a partner .. more of a practice now in our country
- rate of divorce (2/5 first marriages end in divorce)
- less than half of USA children live with biological parents throughout their childhood
single parenthood - causes
- media
- economic factors
- low wages due to low educational atainment
- wage gaps - ceo vs lowest page worker
- growing materialism
- individualism
- government policy
taxation - child deduction
- home mortgage interest deduction
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Wed 01/30/08
Cider chapter 2 -- biblical framework
Conceptual framework
- God is sovereign Lord of All
- Created by God, the world is good
- Human persons have dignity and world
- image of God
- transcends economic processes or systems
- freedom to chooose
- created for community - naturally social beings, in this world for one another
people are made in God's image
the economy is made for peoople , not people for the economy
Humans have the abililty to use their talents to expand wealth - that is the right of the person to be able to create wealth -- you can do that and you can expand your holdings
Dignity of labor as co-creators with God
creation isn't something that happened and now it's done but human kind can work and serve as co-creators
sin - personal and social - demands transforming action
social sin -- can be blind to others opression
Forms of Justice
- procedural (fairness)
what is fair? follow the same procedure and it should result in a form of justice
but jjustice is not just fairness
treat unequals as they need to be treated
legal (commutative, reciprical) .. agreement
distributive (fair distrbution of wealth, resources, and power)
restorative (remove barriers, provide accesss to resources)
- deliver from oppression, slavery, captivity
- provide what is necessary for dignified participation in community
Biblical Justice
* Justice & LOve linked -- judeo-cristian roots .. new testament
torah
jesus .. put priority on love -- love God and love neighbor as yourself
Great Commandment
* God's special concern for the poor and oppressed
.. focus on right relationships for them
rich: may attain wealth through oppression of poor, may refuse to share wealth
* Imitate God's concern...
Key Biblical Texts as NOrms for Israel
* Leviicus 25 // Year of jubilee
* Deuteronomy 15 - Sabbatical Year
Year of Jubilee
Every fifty years ..
land is a source of capital
in the jubilee year, lad must be returned to its original owners
.. challenge to communism: retain right to hold property (land)
challenge to captialism: equalize means of producing wealth
Sabbatical Year
Every seventh year:
.. let the land lie fallow
Free slaves
cancel debts
this was the ideal .. this is what a true follower of judaism was to practice
Communal responsbility to care for the helpless
what will happen to that person if I don't help
- tithe .. giving a tenth of what they earned .. some would say tithing isn't enough .. what you have is really not your own .. it all belongs to God .. if you don't need it and some one else needs it, what is your responsibility
- alow poor to glean harvest from the fields
- Honor the sabbatical year
- Loans to poor should be at no interest
Levels of responsibility
- family - primary
- govenment
- use power to deliver need & oppressed
- rectify unjust structures
- encourage and enable other social institutions to fulfill responsabilities.
- non government
churches, unions, social agencies
generous sufficiency
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Fri 02/01/08
TANF
Case Manager
Wal-Mart Manager
Tax Payer
Welfare in the USA
A brief overview
using "welfare" whch in our system would be called a program of the government .. in the US has federal elements .. but in actuality we have 50 different programs for welfare .. each state recieves some money from the government and operates within federal guidlines
Early practices in the USA
- colonial practices based on English Poor Laws ..
- 19th century "indoor" relief .. there would be work houses
- role of "scientific" charities ..
charity ex: charitable choice
scientific .. using charity abnd studying its effects
- worker's conpensation (1908)
- job inkjuries ..
- sheppard-towner Act (1921) .. healthcare benefit for prenatal and baby care so that lets say .. people who had been in the war, widoed that way -- might be able to get some benefits for children
1930"s FDR's New Deal
- widow's pension
- wpa - works progess administration .. provided jobs because unemployment was so high "we poke around"
- nation labor relations board est. 1935 .. established because there began to be much interstate commerse .. the nlrb would have the regulations for the labor conditions
also was very important because it established the right of employees to form unions
nlrb still exists - how powerful?
- public works administration .. infratruction in the country -- forests, trees .. wide variety of different kinds of poor that recieved benefits
- social security act - an insurance to be provided to workers with some tax that comes out of the paycheck and then the employer has to pay 11%? so that there's .. meant to be when a person is not able to work some kind of benefit that they would recieve .. never ever meant to be THE retirement insurance
- 1935 - Aid to depedent children to help widows with children
- 1936 - less than 1% of families with children are on welfare
- 1944 - GI bill of rights .. designed to when the soldiers came home it would provide for them .. kind of welfare, but our soldiers who return from war .. the government has an obligation to help them .. so the gi bill of rights enabled people to get money to go to school and unemployyment benefits
1960s
Welfare rolls surge, the wefare rights movement reduces welfare's stigma, and divorce and illegitimate birth rates rise.
chronology - the 60s
- 1962 - ADC becomes Aid to families with dependant Children (afdc)
- 1964 - " war on poverty" declared by LBJ
- office of economic opportunity (oeo) created.
- 1964 - food stamp act created in department of agriculture .. benefit to be able to provide food to families that fell below the poverty line
- 1965 - health insurance for elderly (Medicare) and needy (Medicaid) .. currently, stress on that program -- expanding senior population
Chronology - the 70s
- 1971 - afdc recipients must work (unless they have children under age 6) .. begining of a movement to tie any welfare payment to work
- 1974 - the earned -income tax credit enacted. Provides tax refunds for the working poor (eitc).
1980s
states allowed to experiment with welfare to work programs
wi gov. tommy thompson designs "wisconsin works"
chronology - 1980s
- 1981 - cash benefits for the working poor cut, states can require welfare recipients to work.
- 1988 - president reagan signs the family support act
- states must implement education, job training, and placement programs for welfare recipients.
1990's
States continue to experiment with work requirements and penalties. Congress passes new legislation ending welfare as an entitlement.
Chronology - the 90s
- 1992 - Pres. Cand. Bill clinton (D) "end welfare as we know it." end the whole mindset of entitlement and put with it the work requirement
- 1993 - eitc reinbursement for working poor increased by president clinton
- 1994 - welfare rolls peak at 5.1 million families. congress debates welfare-reform.
chronology - the 90s
- 1996 - personal responsiblility and work opportunity reconciliation act (prwora) . a five year program . 1996 - 2001 and renamed in 2001
- removes entitlement to welfare . no more aid to families with dependant children
- establishes work requirements
- time limit set (60 months of benefits over a lifetime) = 5 years
- establishes tanf - temporary assistance for needy families .. temporary because there are time limits .. saying that people who have been on welfare willl need suppport but only given on a temporary basis and only to the very needy families
1997 - Minimum wage increased to $5.15 per hour. States amass $5 billion surplus in unspent welfare funds.
- 1998 - child poverty drops to its lowest level since 1989
- 1999 - employment of never married single mothers rises to all-time high of 65%
Chronology 200s
- 2000 - welfare caseloads decline to 2.2 million families (50% decrease from 1994 high). jobless rate drops to historic low of 4%.
- oct. 2001 - five year time limit on welfare benefits begins to kick in
- oct. 1 2002 - 1996 tanf legislation re-authorizaton
- 2003 108th congress - temporary extentions of tanf
Temporary assistance for needy families (tanf)
- provides assistance to families so children can be cared for at home
- promotes job preparation, work, and marriage
- prevents and reduce out of wedlock pregnancies (set numerical goals)
- encourages formation and maintenance of two-parent families , under the assumption that children benefit when there are two parents.
tanf funding
- Set at $16.5 billion per year for five years (not adjusted for inflation)
- performance bonuses given to states for:
- meeting employment related goals
- reductions in non-marital births
- bars aid to most new immigrants (5 years)
spent:
36 - chas assistance
24% other services
18% - child care
12% - systems & administration
8% - other work support & employment programs
2% transportation
monday - health care issue .. forum
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Fri 02/08/08
wal-mart - high cost of low price
military - health care benefits
.. ptsd only covered right after you leave
family coverage
walmart - family coverage that is also affordable
no dental is included
what else would benefit both:
a wage enough to get basic needs met
marines -- e3 and then the officiers
pretty equal but compensation is pretty low
what is a living wage?
working conditions .. walmart people are not allowed unions.. you do what yo;'re told in the military
in some ways it's like that in wal-mart, too
wal-mart gets subsidies .. incentives, tax breaks, building of an infrastructure
sometimes called "corporate welfare"
more money paid out to corporations than ever is payed out through welfare
living wage -
ending poverty as we know it
Freedom from Poverty
more than a basic need- it's a human right
**do debate on immigration over the weekend.
Universal declaration of human rights
- art. 23 right to work ... just and favorable conditions ... equal pay foor equal work ... just and favorable remuneration
- art. 25 Adequate standar of living for self and family: food, clothing, housing, medical care & necessary social services and to security in the face of cirucmstances beyound one's control
Guarantee a right to a job at a living wage
- the way to end poverty in US
bill quigly - calling for a low requireing minimum wage
A living wage
- the right to be free from poverty includes the human right to an adequate standar of living, the right to work and receive wages f...
support for a right to a living wage
- popular support - when they looked at poles .. opinion tends to move in the direction of supporting a living wage
- political and government
- federal level
- local living wage laws
there is suppport for this .. government would have less expeenditure on welfare benefits
locally,
- business also offfers some support for this .. why would htyy want that? they have lower turnouver n their employment
- religious support
living wage laws
- laws that seet higher minium wages for the employees of companies that benefit from public ccongtracts, subsidies, or actions, and in some cases also for direct government employees. Living-wage laws prevent the use of public dollars to create poverty wage jobs.
what a living wage should address or include:
- base wage .. the living wage wil establish a base wage and will look at the cost of living in the area where the industry is located
- health benfits (with/without) .. if it does cover health benefits, the dollar amount will be lower
- workers covered by it (part-time/full-time/emporary/type of contractors/etc) .. so what is the audence .. who gets this? -
you might also look at organization size
- how long withll it last -- indefinate -- five years?
monitoring, disclosure, enforcement -- cost of overseeing it
sanctions - if you have a contractor that is not complying, what sanctions will be given
why promote a living wage?
- the currrent minimum wage does not raise family's income above poverty level
- minimzes some negative effects of privatization
- "class" differences between public/private sectores .. wages and benefits
- biases by gender & race.
- affects relatively few workers, in the whole of the economy
- has minimal impact on cost of doing business
promotes harmony in the community
who pays for increased wages?
- businesses
- recover costs through decreased turnover and reduced training costs
- some increased production costs
- taxpayers of locality
- less need for government servicies to people in poverty
opposition to lving-wage campaigns
- resistance to government's "inteference" in business - "its just making the vgovernment bigger"
- possible job losses in the community
- inflationary
- rising expectation -- you pay peope mre and then they just want mor e-- their wantts become their needs
effects of living wage in baltimore
- positive impact on small number of workers (1500), many part-time workers
- improved stability of the workforce
- insignifcant additional cost to the city
- additional monitoring of ordinace is needed
some successful living wage campaigns
- chicago - july, 2006 for big box stores - 9.25
manchester NH - apr 2006 - 11.06 or 14 if there are no benefits
communial responsibility for the poor
ideology and poverty
liberal vs conservative
- enlightenment - age of reaseon
devopment of personal freedom and social progress
fight opressiin; missues e of power
more egualitarian
up to the state to guarantee individual rights and to promote the general welfare
on the other side:
faith over reason --
tradition over free inquiry --
past paractice is good .. no need to change it .. looking at the hierarchical structure over equalness
collective over individual .. this would be inflationary .. pushing individual rights too far
- might focus on divine/natural law over civli law
- limiting the power of government
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Mon 02/11/08
is immigration a serious issue?
easy to ignore
border control in any airport -- customs
"day without latinos"
.. anybody of latino origin would not go to work -- what would happen if that were to persist.
what if all latinos .. if we didn't hhve them in the country, what wuld happen to our economic system?
immigration reform -- whole history of immigration in the united states
our country is a country with a very very diverse population
who is an immigrant -- someone who migrates from a country to take up perminant residence in another country
a number of latino immigrants will say that they don't want to stay -- they are simply there to make some money because they don't have th opporutnintities at home
immigrant vs asylii .. asylum people come seeking refuge .. if they stayed where they were they would suffer persecution
when a person comes to the boarder and asks for assylum then they're not an immigrant but an assylum seeker -- we have a history of granting assylum to individuals who are fleeing from their country .. esp. communist, country with war.
immigration in the USA
how would we characterize the history??
movement to reduce the nubber of people coming into the united states
certain populations were targeted and excluded from the united states
we have in some ways a history of repression against certain populations
early 1900s , because we had so many japanese coming to the us we came to a gentlemant's agreement with japan .. instead of us putting control on people coming in, japan agreed not to give passports for agriculture people wanting to come to the us
but after world war I .. immigration act -- expanded the number of groups that we would exclude .. imposed a literacy test .. iexcluded groups that might especially be considered anacrchists
then in 1921 - system of quotas passed .. throught any group coming in the country , the quota system was set up on based on how many people of a certain nationality were here in thh country in 1910
new people from that country .. the nubmer could not exceed 3% of the # of people from 1910
post wwi, we are moving towards a whole sense of isolationism
.. and also a form of racism -- esp exclusive to peopole from asia
in 1924 - national origins act -- cut back more on the quotas if the peroson was considered less desirable .. but gave favor to people who we though would fit in better GB, germany , ireland
russias quotas were set pretty low .. generally jewish came fro russia to US
1943 - during war -- set a limit of no more than 105 people from china to be able to get into the us in any given year
1945- war drides act -- where there might have been soldiers who married abroad -- this enabled them to bring their wives and children that they might have had .. no quota for those individuals
- 1948 displaced persons act
1950 - refuge act -- set a limit of 500,000 people to be able to come in tot he country
1952 - immigration and nationality act --
abolished the asia exclusionary act, opened up
instead of saying by country .. opened and gave universal access .. from every country in UN .. a minimum of 100 from each country. could have 150,000 people coming in
but kept the quota for mexico very small
1965 - immigration and nationality act
let go of quotas by nations but said that we could have just so mahhy from the western hemisphere and 170,000 from eastern hemisphere. .. a new way of trying to limit the number of people in the country
but families of people who were here could come in
1970s .. had about 4.5 million people come
80s .. 7 million
90s .. 9 million
so over that time, we had 20 mil come into the united states
1986 - immigration reform and control act .. how do we stem the tide of people coming into te country -- it was decided they would give employers a fine fi they hired somebody who didn't have douuments
it also began a process of allowing people who had been here continously foom 82 to 86 .. they could apply for citzenship
on the one hand peanalizing employers, on the other hand, path toward citizenship.
1990 - immigration act of. they set a cieling .. no more than 700,000 per year, from 91 to 93 and then 675,000 from 94 on.
trying to keep the number of people that come into the country below a millin
but there were certain categories of people we needed .. so if an individual ha a skill that we needed, we allowed them to come in at 140,000 annually
refugess -- temporary protective status
1996 - illegal immigration reform act. fouu different things trying to be accomplished
- facilitate the depaortation process -- get people who don't have document easily out of the country
- ff you are trying to come into the country, you had to be able to domonstrate that you would be able to obttain a wage 125% above the poverty threashold.
also said that if people overstayed their visas for six months, they could be deproted and they would have to wait three years from their home country to come back in
if they stayed a whole eyar over their visa, they would have to stay out of teh country for 10 years
and looked at the list of cries for which the undocuments could be deported
in 2000 .. 8.7 million people in US w/o documents
after 2001,
USA patriot act was passed in that year and the fear , the anxioty of terrorism and the very fact that people had come into this country typically by plane .. and were here
the government passed that patriot act and hwat it did was put more conrol at the boarders -- more boarder agents
allowed for indefinite detention of indviduals who were deemed to be a terrorist threat
2002 - the homland security act .. abolished the immigration and nationalization service .. now we have dept. of homeland security
now we have a cabinet post for hsa
boarder security and citzenship and imigration services
ICE . immigration & customs enformcement
bush trying to pass immigration legislation .. sense that we really need to do something about our bboarders
2006 legislation was tyring to make it a felony if people din't have documents.
criminalized people who gave aid .. if you were to aid individuals who are here wihtout documetts, then you might have to go to court.
individuals that are granting sactuary (new sactuary movement)
if an individual without documents and in danger of being deported -- this movement would give sanctuary to individuals who are facing imminant deportation and proide help to the families and such forth
why NEW sanctuary movement?
in 80s, with all thhe violince in central america, south america .. the first sanctuary movement - in az.
milita groups in the US that are working at the boarder because they have a seonse that our government isn't doing enough to secure the boarders, so they will be htere acting to walert the boarder patrol with respect to immigration
no more deaths:
human boarders:
tries to put water stations out into the deasert
.. we built a fense around the southern boarder
human resources put water where the most deaths were occuring
push /pull
push factors are those things that are existant within a given country of origin
ex: war, violence, famine, hunger, poverty wages, lack of employment, lack of civil liberties
pull -- relate to the country that is thh destination
why do they come?
education opportunities
good economy, jobs
healthcare
safety, security
charity vs justice
act, reflect, transform
reflect: why do we have the situation we have and what does CST, etc call us to -- why are things the way they are .. looking at the more sistemic area
think about the actions .. why do we have the number of homeless -- why do we have the progblems we have with our immigration system
transformation: how do we transform whatever unjust structures there are .. what can be done to transform the system?
look at how we analyize the situation when we look at the call to charity
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Wed 02/20/08
half the world lives on $2 a day or less.
insecurity - no healthcare
they had to depend on their bodies -- they had to work -- if they didn't work they couldn't earn anything
if they did not have stron gbodies and access to medicine they could lose -- / have a catestrophic event
safety - physical
access to technology
powerlessness
war
poor don't really have a voice in government
community organizing
groups in a favila - (protugease term for slum)
communidades de base
priority projects for the government - bringing in sewage, electricity
signs of hope
. Millennium development goals
to be accomplished by 2015 - to cut poverty in half , to stem the tide of hiv aids .. etc - eight different goals .. sachs has been an advisor on that
these goals are entirely possible , he says
the book is the kinds of solutions that he sees possible when you have governments that are achieveing economic development
population - the effects of population growth
us population: > 300 million
population density - two what extent population density is a factor when we consider overpopulation
.. heavily populated
what happens when a country's population isn't growing anymore?
for friday -
answer questions on handout. --- chapters 1,2,3
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Fri 02/22/08
paper - developed world compared to developing world.
thesis and six sources due a week from monday.
global poverty
facts about global poverty
- levels of poverty - based on consumption
- extreme 1.1 bill < 1$
- moderate - 2.7 bil about $2/day
- absolute vs. relative poverty
20% of the population consumes 86% of world's goods
write
nearly 1 billion people cannot read or write
cdp of 48 nations < wealth of world's three richest people
51% of world's 100 wealthiest bodies are corporations
wealthiest country has the widest gap between rich and poor
listen to the poor speak
opportunity
- emplyment
- education
security
- personal
- social
empowerment
- democracy
- gender equality
paths to development
- first world
second world
- thrid world (2/3 world)
- developed world
- developing world
first world - generally the high income countries - used in the past and not now a very common use
third world is generally speaking designated as the developing world
countries that are extrmely poor - also called the 2/3 world because 2/3 of the worl'ds population falls in that bracket
so more use is now made of developed vs. developing
kinda crazy - every country is developing
theories of development
- classical (cycle of growth and decay)
- enlightenment
unending & uhnlimited progress
supremacy of rational knowledge
- evolutionary or organic (simple to complex)
integration
differentiation
- reintegration
modern
human captial; marxist
socities develop homan potential throuh education
marxist view of development -- the idea person .. focus on state ownership of the means of production rather than putting things in the hands of private enterprise
messurees of development
- gross domestic product (gdp) .. production of goods and services per capita
- purchasing power parity - (ppp) so that you can make a comparison from the us to canada, etc
human development index (hdi)
lifespan
literary rate
stanndard of living
hdi .. consideration was given to several different quality of life indicators .. in evvery single country, what is the lifespan that people have, what is the literacy rate what is the standar of livihng that they have whithin that country
on g: -- this powerpoint .. look at undp
gender development index (gdi)
- hdi adjusted to account for gender disparities
investigation option - effects of climate change on dveloping vs developed world.
lifespan -- some african countries, so many in the population have died because of AIDS and that certainly addresses the issue of life span --
gender development index - a way of looking accross countries and seeing hwo well women are faring in different societies.
world population
as of yesterday
6,652,039,640
un fund population activity
- 2.8 billion people struggle to survive on less than $2 per day (2/5)
enequitable distrubtion of
- resources
- food
- health care information.
ihnvestments in health and deucation (especially of women) result in lower mortality and fertility rates .. sachs - page 211 .. millennium development goals -- one of them is on achieig universal primary education
another is promoting gender equality and empowering women
improving patern health is another one
population density
- india
overpopulation?
is the world overpopulated
- carrying capacity of the earth
- rate of consumption and production of waste
- goal of SUSTAINABILITY
if everbody lived the way the people in the US lived, could the earth sustain 6.6 billion people.
calculate the size of your footprint on the internet.
sustainability - refers to the consumption of resources in such a way that we are concious of those resources being available to the 7th generation from youself
will these resources be available to my children's children's children's .. children
based on the kind of approach that native americans used.
- fertility rate - # of children per women
replacement rate - 2.1 children per couple
mortality rate -
demographic transition
- expanding birth rates as more women enter child-bearing years
- leveling off of population when birth rates and mortality rates even out
not enough food?
17% more calories produced today vs. 30 years ago
generally sufficient calaries produced
world food production (on average) exceeds population growth except in Africa
greater than 3/4 of all malnourished children under five live in countries with food surpluses
distrubtion!
38% of grains are fed to livestock -
cost of a loaf of bread .. ...
people could become more food insecure because we're producing energy (corn .. biogass0 rather than into food production
by feeding grain to livestock -- is actually a very costly form of producing protein vs legum crops and soy etc.
footprint on the planet
- consuption of earth's resources is unprecedented
- economic development requires increased use of resources (enery, etc)
3/4 fish stock fished beyoond sustainable limits
.5 billion live in water stressed and water-scare countries
controlling population growth
- respect for positive cultural values -
- education -
- empowerment of women
- quality of health care (young and elderly)
- social safety net
- equitable access to resources
families will chose to have fewer children if they have a social safety net.
..
gender equity and development
disparities in every society
women and work hours
disparities in every society
women & work hours
- unpaid, unrecognized and undervalued work
- returns on investment in women's education -
emancipation
- reproductive
- productive
women's empwerment
- greater than 50% of cuntries have legislation on women's rights (since 1994).
the US as a country has not passed a law yet regarding women
- only about 1 in 8 contries has increased women's political participation
only 42% of countries increased public funding for schools - undersal primary education as a critical aspect of development
only 16% of countries increased women's participation in secondary schoooling
for monday: polland.
skipping clinical economics.
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Mon 02/25/08
title
clear statement on the contrasting perspectives for the devloped and developing world from your preliminary reseasure on the issue
have some resourcs -- include people from the developing world... can you include their voices
due friday now $$%$ - 10% of grade
thesis paragraph ?!?
6 resources
GBPG- article on human trafficing in WI
European Union (EU)
movie - setting teh context -
sachs in his chapter describes the solidarity movement and talks about knowing and having heard of lech waleza - spoke at St. norbert
sachs speaks about being called to polland to help them in their transition from soviet style economy
sachs spoke about
one of the first things to do was to look to the european union
eu
origihn in 1950s
- paris treaty - 1951 - coal and steal
- treaty of rome - efec 3-25-57 - set up the european economic community (EEC)
- maastrict reaty - european comunity 2-7-92
poland needed to look to the eu
cooprattive orgainzation of now 27 countries
- political
- economic - single market (peaople, goods, services and capital)
- social
they allow for the free movement of people so workers can move from one country to another
goods can move .. poland has a lot of trade with germany
services and capital
currency - euro introduced in 1999 - in at least 15 of the countries -- not all of the eu contries use it
strong currency - stronger than the dollar
functions
- executive branch - european commission
- president jose manuel barrosa - portugal
- legislative (regulations, directives, decisions)
- concil of european union
- european parlament (785 members - from every country in union)
regulations tht every country has to folow
directives -- directions to move in and different countries can move in different ways
so everything is not totally done from the top
Issues
- eruopean integration (national svereignty?) - what rights to the individual countries have? are they going to be losing their sovereignty if they are a part of this integrated union -- GB has held out -- they use the pound for example
enlargement - how big should it be
- 10 new states in 2004 (one of them was poland)
- will turkey be admitted? - big question because its a muslim country, dealth penalty - one of the eu requirements is that the death penalty not be practiced
security - membership in NATO
(north atlantic treaty organization
agreement between countries in western europe canda and the us that they would provide common security if there would be an invasion of any one european countries
so they would have a way of protecting one another through this agreement
but countries that agree to be part of nato have to devote a significant amount of their gdp to build up weapon ssystems
in the past, poland was part of the eastern block countries, then part of the warsaw pact
Poland
goals
- stablization of currency
- liberalization of trade
- privatization of public assets
- social safety net to cusion transition - some workers are not gong to be able to make the transition and elders, too
- harmonization of institutions with EU
Liberalization: centrally planned to market economy
- crossroads of europe
- fall of communism - 1989
- trade - "lood to the west"
- zloty (currency)
- euro
sochs recommended that poland would need to look to the west to the countries that were west of them
finally in 1997 - constitution amended
NATO accession - official in 1999
Debt
- poland owed money to other countries
- soviet-era debt - should pland be held responsible for the debts that were incurred under the solviet government
- "unpayable" - the debt that they had over $30 billion was literally unpayable
- accelerate move toward democracy by not paying the debt
- debt cancellation and credit rating
- bilateral debts - between this country and that country -- so some of the dbt that poland had was for example debt that was owed to germany
- multilateral - debt owed to multiple countries
free market and free trade
economic theory
- "bubble up" - broaden economic purchasing power througout the public sector - like the current tax incentive
- "trickle down" - net gains for the wealthy will enable the economy to grow and benefits trickle down to the less well-off
free market
an economic market oerating by open competition
free trade
- trade based on the unrestricted international exchange of goods .. so that between pland and germany , barriers to grade would be dropped
world trade organization - 1995
trade actually began before that and there were times early in the 20th centry when there was a great deal of globalization
- global international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations
151 countries
- successor to general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
free trade agreement
- and international agreement on conditions of trade in goods and services
- bilateral agreement
- multilateral agreement
NAFTA .. free trade zone that established between us, canada, mexico
but we do not have the free flow of workers like in the eu
effects of "free trade"
- removes tariffs on imports
- reorients domsestic production - "competitive advantage" .. different countries are good at producing different things -- should produce what you have the competative advantage
- moves economies toward "export" production
then we need to trade to meet our food needs
price of wheat has doubled
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Wed 02/27/08
thesis handin subject to change
millennium development goals would be an optin -- to be accomplished by 2015
think about substituting project for final exam
Sachs working with boliva
called upon to help with hyperinflation
so what is hyperinflation?
our current chairman of the federal reserve is appearing before congress and giving a repoot on the economy
he's trying to do a balancing act
possibility of a ression rate of inflation -- chairman of the federal reservie is looking at a balacning actt-- how do we deal with rising inflation and which is worse -- recession or inflation
hyperinflation -- the value of their urrancy was losing value the curency was -- even as it sat in a person's pocket -- and so he brings to the flooor an exampole .. people will choose not to save money when you've got hyperinflation because the value of the money erodes -- the best thing you can do is spend it because it'll be worth less later
this was the reason sachs was called to blovia -- to address hyperinflation
experiencing a total lack of value in its currency
and what the government was doing was consistantly printing more money and that only furhter erroded the value of the currency
andanother problem is the problem of debt and what boliva owned to other countries
situation of debt -- talked about it with polland
what does this debt mean?
Debt Crisis and Poverty
the debt crisis -- .. comes up with poland and bolivia and will come up when we're talkig about africa so sorthy of us takihng some time with it
internatinal debt - historical timeline
1960s
- many contries gain independence . Foreign debt inhereited as legacy of colonial past.
- value of USA $ falls in the world
1970's - OPEC
- raises price of oil (cartel)
- opec deposits petro dollars in Western Banks
- banks load money to government in developing world at low insterst rates
- contries raise case crops for export to obtain currency in order to repay loans
- value of exports (cash crops and raw materials ) fall for developing contries
- interest rates rise
developing contries make these proposals and start these projects through the two internationa institutions -- imf and the world bank
1980s -
- interest rtes rise in USA because of budget deficit and oil prices rise again
- developing contries earn less for exports (market forces)
-- unable to pay rising interest rates and principal on debts
sachs talks about bolivia -- they had a market in tin -- and the price of tin fell in the world market - so bolivia not getting any value out of the key export crop that they ahve
so this is one of the rease why it's often sopeken about that contries need to diversify in their economy -- not depend on a single cash crop
- 1982 - mexico defaults on debt payment
the US tried to prop up mexico by supporting its economy and making loans and canceling some of its debt
- international financial istitutions "reschedule" debt payments of bakrupt countries (eg mexico)
- world bank
- international mentry fund (imf)
.. not debt forgiveness
- conditions: structural adjustment program requirements(saps)
we will only renegotiat your loan if you do these kinds of things
IMF
- 185 member countries
-- provides
economic surveillance
technical assistance and training
..
Heavily indebted poor country initiative (HIPC)
- organized by the ga?? countries - advanced industrialized countries like gb, france, etc
- program of imf from 1996
- an approach to debt reduction for some low-income countries
- unsustainable debt burden
- track record of reform throug imf and world bank programs
conditionality - SAPs
SAPs
----
- cut government spending (health, education, social services, government jobs & wages, and subsides - food)
- devalue national currency
- prvatize government owned industries
- develop and increase exports (comparative advantage) - so that you could earn foregin dollars and therefore be able to pay the loans
- encourage large-scale production
pverty reduction and growth facility (prgf)
- established in 1999
- low--interest lending facility and debt relife for poor countries
- requires pverty reduction strategy paper
- broad public particpation
- country -owned strategies
- 77 low-income countries eligible as of 9/2002
poverty reduction strategy papers
- country -designed and developed
- focuses on outcomes that benefits the poor
- comprehensive - all aspects of poverty reduction
- promotes partnerships
- looks long-term
debt relief - questions
- what amkes a country's "external debt" and its reayment "unjust"?
--> woman in the film -- unjust vs just debt
so if there's curreupion should the people have to pay?
- wunder what circumstances should contries be held acccountable for foreign debts?
does the debt forgiveness help alleviate poverty in the developing world?
- will the governments spend more on health and education or on tother "Needs"?
bolivia - water privatize - right to water
- will debt relief empower poor countries and strengthen their civil societies?
- does debt relief hurt big banks?
loans - USA/indus
- interest
--> paid far in excess of the principle on interest..
so, will the banks lose money if the debts are forgiven?
well, theyv'e been paid this interest for years
does debt relief promote foreign investment?
will debt forgiveness promote economic reform?
- jubliee 200 movement
- call for "debt forgiveness" of highly indebted developing countries
- based on the Judaic concept of "judblee year"
originated in great brtian in the 1990s
jubilee200uk.org
"jubilee research"
...
debt forgiveness - what has been accomplished?
- g7 leaders committed to canceling $100bn of multilateral debts of 42 hipc
- major industrialized countries committed to canceling 100% of bilateral debts owed by poorest countries
total relief for 6 contries under hipc is only $17bn to date
is debt relief working?
- debts are not yet sustainable in most hipcs
- increased spending on health and education in countries that have received relief (Africa) with no increase in spending on the military
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Fri 02/29/08
Don and Roberta
dorthy day
catholic worker movement
can you be a millionare and stilll be a christian? don doesn't thing so -- how can you have money when you're supposed to share with one another?
hunger is the world is from a lack of justice not a lack of food -- frances bonepray
taxable income for 2 people - above 15,000
80% of us manufacturing is military
system that thrives on wars
time - very important .. time off to listen to someone
listening to someone as extremely productive!
--> justice - squeeze the worker as much as you can to become a millionare
don: if i had more than i needed, i would feel compelled to give it away"
if you have a lot , you want more .. like an addiction
mother theresa - you don't keep anything for yourself -- give it away
voluntary poverty
change poverty from the bottom up
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Mon 03/03/08
# of hours --> 20 --> 15
India
how india is moving toward a market economy
and how that move is helping to lift people otu of poverty
popoulation greater than china
population growth
- 2.4% of earth's land area supporting more than 17.5% of world's population .. soon to be 1/5!!
- Population growth rate of 1.38%
- life expectancy 63.7% (2005)
- 1.064 male/female ratio .. absence of women .. more men than women
why are there fewer women?
one factor is technology -- ability to use ultrasound and be able to tell whether the child is male or femaile -- and ttere is agreater desire for a male child than a female child -- so the abortion rate of female children is higher
it costs the family money to have a girl child -- bride price and that girl child leaves the family whereas if they have a male child, more of a means of support
- rural/urban - 70%/30% -- what the us used to have -- a significantly larger porportion of the population in rural areas .. now US has reversed that ratio ..
poverty rate in the rural area is higher
- adult literacy rate (>15 years) -> 61% .. low! .. you can't say that this is true in every sector, etc
- ranks 128 - hdi of .619 .. 127 countries that have a higher human development index than indea
- persons living below poverty line - 22% of the population
india's economy
- gdp / capita 3,452 (PPP in US $)
- service sector expected to grow at 10.7% - explosive growth
indea did not go through the industrial revolution like US did - india moved, becaase of technology into the service sector
the kind of service sectory jobs that they have developed are not the high priced jobs.
jobs from the US that are outsorced to indea are generally low-end service sector
- total food grain output at all time high
- educational reforms center of social dvelopment
- 6000 model high schools to be developed
- 16 central universities to be established
going to be devopting a lot of resources to education in the country
why is this necesary -- when you look at the population pyramid -- at the top, they have fewer older people and a huge young population .. but now they are having fewer children
2.8 children per women .. so population still growing.
gdi/hdi - 97% , 137 countries rank higher
- life expectancy exceeds that of males
- females adult literacy at 65.2%
- gross enrollment ratio -- 87.7 %
Gandhi
- the father of the nation
began his work in south africa where he experienced discromination -- had a first class train ticket but told he could not ride in the first class because he was colored
that experience - even though he had a law degree from london .. galvanized him to work in South Africa to work again st the discrimination
he later was called back to indea -- movement against colonizalislm
gandhi's economic perspectives
- dr. kevin kamdar - (PAW - 2003)
perspectives on persons in poverty - world bannk
- lacks material well-being
- has a sense of hopelessness
- is exploited and abused
and certainly when we look back at the workings of the ast india company, people of indea were exploited
gandhi's basic concerns
- effects of colonialism and industrialization
great britian .. getting its resources from its colonies
.. sun never sts on the british empires
- captialism and exploitation .. what is capitalism doing .. and are there examples of exploitation within the capitalistic approach
- welfare of women and untouchables
one of the major religousn in hinduism -- also has muslims and buddhists
within indea, women were always subservient to the males in the society - patriarchical
they also had in inda a caste system
hindusim was built .. authenticated a caste system with the brahmans at the top
and the untouchables on the bottom
ghandi sought to eliminate such social discrimination
adam smith's influence on gandhi
- we have a moral obligation to help others .. sounds like .. our first author .. sider.
- we should imagine ourselves in the position of others (empathy, compassion) .. would influence our decisions that we make economically
centrality of truth
gandhi talked about truth -- autobio was called "experiments in truth"
thruth was everthing
- truth is God -- absolute, eternal, and living essence
so his whole life was to pursue truth.
- truth is the measure of all things and each individual person only could know a relative amount of truth -- we don't have the absolute truth
- Ahimsa (self-giving love) is the means to achieve truth
we have agape in the christian world -- similar to Ahimsa
- human truth is always "relative" .. we always can be growing in our understanding of God, truth, so forth
- gandhi's epxeriments in truth
foundational premises
- economics, politics, and religion interconnected. some say that you have to separate religion and politics .. for gandhi, religion wasn't church .. you didn't have to be affiliated to be sipritual
- eoonomics is the scienc of human welfare. the goal is the welfare of ALL
- sarvodays (common good).
- supreme consideration - the human person. but not necessarily at the expensive of the whole of the natural world.
Ode magazine -- gandhi article
what the world needs now
on gandhi and his approach .
"the economy exists for people and not people for the economy" .. comes from economic pastoral of USCCB.
- human welfare economics
- decentralization
- democracy - not majority/minority, but erase that devide and focus on the common good
- law of satyagraha - uplfting all
- law of swadeshi (self-production of goods)
- law of sarvodays - common good
every indian shuld have a spinning wheel to spin the yarn for clothing instead of sending the yarn to gb and then buy clothing from GB.
- ratinal (guided by inner voice, conscience)
gandhi's 7 principles
1. Nonviolent ownership
2. " production
3. " consumption
4. " work - respect all forms of bread labor
5. " cooporation
6. " distrubtion (equality)
7. " in reforming economic systems
nonviolence was everything for him
nonviolence direct action
the way he got the british to leave the country.
nonviolence isn't passive -- very active, difficult
every part of the economic realm had to do with noviolence.
at age 13, had the sense that he owned his wife .. gradually he learned that he didn't own anything
re 2: produce things that don't destroy
3: gandhi would not consume animals patterns of consumptions that would do the least harm to other living creaures and plant life and everyting
4: nonviolent work _ everyone was to work and everyone should be enguaged in manual labor
no kind of work is demeaning work - he would do the jobs done by the untouchable.
everyone had to take a turn cleaning the latrines
5: when you're doing nonviolent direct action - accepting the british rule means cooperating with violence
make your own salt -- illegal -- his way of showing non-cooperation with a violent system
indea today is doing a lot that would be in opposition to the principles here
if you buy into he competative advantage of the market economy, what would happen to the economy of indea if it went the route that gandhi talked about
Quotations
- "in a gentle way you can change the world" - the british left india w/o one shot being fired
- "you must be the change you want to see in the world"
- be prepared to make personal sacrifices
- be prepared to be transformed in mind and heart, thus leading to changed behaviour
- "there is enough in the world for everbody's need, but not enough for anybody's greed."
- "poverty is the worst form of violence"
Green revolution
the development of seeds that produce high yield grains
(eg. wheat, rice, maize)
Norman borlog - credited with having saved the lives of 1 billion people
NOrman borlaug
- father of the green revolution
- born in cresco, ia in 1914
- agronomist -
saw the production in ia and thought that htere must be a way to replicate the sucess
- mission
- move high-yield agricuture to developing world
- feed a hungry world
- won nobel peace prize in 1970
greatest living american
wed.: china
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Wed 03/05/08
opportunity for extra credit-- tomorrow at 2:30 .. invisible children film
friday - discussion, questions that we raised..
what does it men to achieve comunism?
how does the management relate to confusionism?
what companies in the us are benefittting from selling tobacco in china?
who is the ideal chinese person? and how does that compare to the idea US person?
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Fri 03/07/08
The CONTINENT of africa
for monday - talk about a country of africa
email about the continents of africa
written summary with some key points that you find out about that country to come into class and talk about
Tanzania
china from the inside
Tibet - autanemous region
another autonamous region : chinjang
tibet practies buddhism
roof top of the world -- himalayan moutains
invaded by china in ???
china colinized tibet ..
china also coloinzed chinjang
moved people from china itself into those two regions so that the inhabitants of those areas would have their traditions cut back .. trying to make them all chinese
it looks like china has brought prosperity to these parts, but wrecking culture
the people's republic of china
china - huge country .. complex to talk about
in this region .. influence of the party -- atheism
no minority in the government
trying to create a harmonious society .. how are they going about creating that harmony
boarder patrol Kazackstan. .
management : helping vs controlling
china has 1.3 billion people; india has > 1 billion people
india .. world's largest democracy
so deomcracy can work on the large scale
how do they go about having about 60 million party members that are able to mange over a billion people?
democracy innchina -- elections .. but when there's one party elections .. there is not a real choice .. is the US more deomcatic than china?
china and russian federation
cia fact book
china
pop - 1.3 billion
growth rate of .606%
1.1 to 1.2 males/females
life expec 72.88 years
adult literacy 90.0%
GDP / captia 7,700
pop. below pverty line .. 2% . 26 million
russian federation
pop > 141 million (7/07)
growth rate of -.484%
1.06 males/females at birth
- life expectancy of 65.87
adult literacy rate 99.4%
gdp/captia $14,600
pop. below poverty line - 15.8%
russia and china are pretty close to the same place when it comes to the hid index -- literacy rate, gdp, etc. .. infant mortality rates
people's repulbic of china
- lifted 3 to 4 hundred million out of poverty .. china accounts for almost all of the people who have been lifted out of poverty
- has shown the largest sustaiied gdp growth ever witnessed
- human development index has gone up 43% since 1985.
Why china is succeeding in reducing poverty
- a long term commitment to reform and development (comes from the Party)
great leap forward eneded in 1985
- reform efforts have been pragmatic .. reforms that are kept are the ones that work -- teskting things out
- institutions were strong and were allowed to change to meet refrm needs
- emphasized creating human capital like health and education
.. china has problems with health
- investment in public infrastructure to open up markets .. how dd you have roads, bridges .. the kinds of things that will enable the movement of goods
train system that they were going to build to move things in and out of tibet
building the canal .. happened very early on with the workers in that particular area working and in a sense actually doing -- like the pikc and shovel
- ownership: chineese development led by Chinese leaders with Chinese institutions
- party elites
- gradual change based on local experiments
- results-based management . how sucessful are the individual of tee party .. how much progress tdo they have to repport back for the people under thier dominion .. are these individuals doing the kind of study they are suppoed to be doing
- incrased importance of competitiin, market,s and trade liberalization
who is the ideal citizen of china?
belong to the communist party
- conformity to party policies, regulations
- concern for the country , common good
- country before individual
grany police .. check on women and families
management .. responsiblilities that are given to meet targets, goals
coercive
==========(Note Break)==========>>
Mon 03/10/08
5.
African countries
Similarities
------------
- low life expectancy
- females have a higher life expectancy but a lower literacy rate
poverty, plaged by war -
- high rate of HIV aids
- colonial past
- over fishing
- unstable and corrupt government
- religious intolerane
- economy based on agriculture
- war
- racism
- subsaharen africa - poverty rates have skyrocketied .. deforestation , deertification
Diferences
----------
- unemployement rates
- HDI - higher in Libya
- MOracco - European influence
- religion -- muslim in a number of the countries
- education
underemployment .. i have this level of education but i'm doing a job that would not call for that
gender roles - women keeping the house .. men go to city for work .. zimbabwe, domestic work for women in Tanzania.
Poverty in Africa
Causes of Poverty Misconceptions
- Corruption - perceptions - it alone does not explain the deeper poverty that we find in Africa
- Colonial legacy - the case of vietnam - we know for example that the US was for a time a coloney .. didn't keep the US mired in poverty
colonialism has had an effect in Africa .. that's true -- western powers have carved up africa into the current countries
but vietnam achieved independence and was able to gain
so that one example serves to disprove the theory that colonialism alone is the reason that Africa is poor
factors contributing to poverty
- geographic
- lack of navigable rivers and inlets
- isolation and lack of infrastructure
- 15 landlocked countries
there are huge urban centers in Africa but a lot of rural areas where the infrastructure is weak
- poor health (disease)
- malaria
- HIV/AIDS
- Chronic hunger and malnutrition
Africa needs a green revolution - improve agricultural productivity
norman burlog in india - responsible tfor feeding 1 billion people (?)
- high transport costs .. if yo have a weak infrastructure you're going to have high transportt costs
- ecological factors - desertification, etc. refrestation
in kenya, movement of planting trees and in the whole movement she involved a lot of women and as the women were reforesting the country .. planted well over 1 million trees but also raised up the women in their status within the country
reforestation is one way of countering desertification
disease <-> poverty
- AIDS, malaria TB, diarrhea, respiratory illnesses, lack of vaccinations, malnutrition
- maleria (3 million deaths/ year)
- medicines too costly for the poor
- lack of access to sprays, bednets
- absence from school, work
- lack of international aide to control malaria
the simplest kind of anti-malaria thing would be to have low-cost bednets during the night but people in poverty don't have the money to spend on that
the disease also causes them to miss work, education ect and that only leands to deeper poverty
lack of international aid to control amlaria and hiv/aids, etc .. international aid needs to be targeted and icreased to help the people of africa
hiv/adis
- vulnerability to AIDS because of poverty
- lack of treatment due to poverty
- patents and costs of medicine
- intellectual property rights
there have been a significant nuumber of violatioons of intellectual property rights in china .. takes things that are patented and make look alikes
drug companies protecting their patents
- response of the international community
- global fund 2002 (adis, tb, malaria)
- to date: 10.1 billion
the us has tried , under bush , to increase help for hiv/aids - pepfar - fund tfor hiv/aids in africa
Millennnium challenge account
- USA's development assistance
- criteria
- governing justly - perception of corruption in governments
- investing in people - to what extent is that government investing in people in need of healthcare education, etc
- promoting economic freedom - is it opening up its arkets to export economy and so on
Governing justly
- civil liberties (freedom house)
- political rights (freedom house)
- voice and accountablility (World Bank)
- gooernment effectiveness (World Bank)
- rule of law (World Bank)
- control of corruption (World bank)
Investing in People
- world bank data nd national sources
- public primary education spending as percent of CDP
- primary education completion rate
- public expenditures on health as percent of gdp
- immunization rates - DPT measles
- pepfar
promoting economic freedom
- country credit ration (institutional investor magazine)
- inflation (imf)
- 3-year budget deficit (IMF / national sources)
-trade policy
- regulatory quality (world ba
- days to start a business (world bank)