C&GE:CE

Our intent in this paper was to provide experimental evidence for the Gift Exchange Mechanism in

the context of charitable donations in Pakistan. We chose a simple and elegant experiment of Falk

as the basis for our experiment. Due to institutional differences, we replaced his postal campaign

for charitable donations by a door-to- door campaign. The additional opportunity for social

interaction, and cultural differences, led to substantial and unexpected variation in the results. Most

importantly, in direct contrast to results of Falk, both frequency and average size of donations

declined with increasing gift size. Thus the GEM failed to operate in this experiment. We provide

some potential explanations for this surprising result. Our experiment also provides some

information on gender and income effects on charitable donations, which are variations on main

findings in the literature. In particular, we find that females contribute more in frequency and size,

and that the share of giving declines with income.

Andreoni, J. (2004). Economics of philanthropy. In L. Gerard-Varet, S. Kolm, & J. M. Ythier, Handbook of giving, reciprocity and altruism (pp. 11369-11376). North-Holland: Elsevier.

Andreoni, J., & Petrie, R. (2008). Beauty, gender and stereotypes: Evidence from laboratory

experiments. Journal of Economic Psychology , 29 (1), 73-93.

Andreoni, J., & Vesterlund, L. (2001). Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism.

Quarterly Journal of Economics , 116 (1), 293-312.

Auten, G. E., & Rudney, G. (1990). The Variability of Individual Charitable Giving in the US. Voluntas (1), 80-97.

Bekkers, R. (2004). Giving and Volunteering in the Netherlands: Sociological and Psychological

Perspectives. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the

Netherlands.

Bell, D. (1991). Modes of Exchange: Gift and Commodity. Journal of Socio-Economics , 20, 155-167.

Bolton, G. E., & Katok, E. (1995). An experimental test for gender differences in beneficent behavior. Economic Letters , 48, 287-292.

Bonbright, D., & Azfar, A. (2000). Philanthropy in Pakistan:A Report of The Initiative on Indigenous Philanthropy. The Aga Khan Foundation.

Breeze, B. (2004). Widow's Mite or Widow's Might? The Relative Giving of Rich and Poor in the UK. The 33rd annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit Associations and Voluntary Action. . Los Angeles, USA.

Brooks, A. (2005). Does Social Capital Make You Generous? Social Science Quarterly , 86, 1-15.

Burlando, R., & Hey, J. D. (1997). Do Anglo-Saxons free-ride more? Journal of Public Economics , 64 (1), 41-60.

Cason, T., Saijo, T., & Yamato, T. (1997). Voluntary Participation and Spite in Public Good Provision Experiments: An International Comparison. working paper, University of Southern California.

Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47 (2), 1-27.

Davidson, J., & Pyle, R. (1994). Passing the Plate in Affluent Churches: Why Some Members Give More Than Others. Review of Religious Research , 36, 181-96.

DellaVigna, S., List, J., & Malmendier, U. (2012). Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in

Charitable Giving. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 127, 1-56.

DellaVigna, S., List, J., Malmendier, U., & Rao, G. (2013). The Importance of Being Marginal: Gender Differences in Generosity. American Economic Review , 103 (3), 586-90.

Einolf, C. J. (2011). Gender Differences in the Correlates of Volunteering and Charitable Giving.

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 40, 1092-1112.

Falk, A. (2007). Gift Exchange in the Field. Econometrica , 75 (5), 1501-1511.

Freedman, D., Pisani, R., & Purves, R. (1998). Statistics (3rd ed.) (Vol. 13). New York, NY:W.W.

Norton and Company.

Hodgkinson, V. A., & Weitzman, M. (1996). Giving and Volunteering in the United States.

Washington: Independent Sector.

Hoge, D. R., & Yang, F. (1994). Determinants of Religious Giving in American Denominations: Data from Two Nationwide Surveys. Review of Religious Research , 36, 123-48.

James, R. N., & Sharpe, D. L. (2007). The Nature and Causes of the U-Shaped Charitable Giving Profile. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 36, 218-38.

Kamas, L., Preston, A., & Baum, S. (2008). Altruism in Individual and Joint-Giving Decisions: What’s Gender Got to Do With It? Feminist Economics , 14, 23-50.

Landry, C., Lange, A., List, J., Price, M., & Rupp, N. (2006). Toward an Understanding of the

Economics of Charity: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 121, 747-

782.

Lensberg, T., & Heijden, E. V. (1998). A Cross-Cultural Study of Reciprocity, Trust and Altruism in a Gift Exchange Experiment. Tilburg University , Discussion Paper, presented at the Summer 1998 ESA Meeting.

Leslie, L. M., Snyder, M., & Glomb, T. M. (Forthcoming). Who Gives? Multilevel Effects of Gender and Ethnicity on Workplace Charitable Giving. Journal of Applied Psychology.

List, J. A. (2004). Young, selfish, and male: Field evidence of social preferences. Economic Journal ,

114, 121-49.

Lo, C. P., & Tashiro, S. (2012). Are women more generous than men? Evidence from the US

Consumer Expenditure Survey. Journal of Gender Studies , 1-15.

Marx, J. D. (2000). Women and Human Services Giving. Social Work , 45, 27-38.

McClelland, R., & Brooks, A. C. (2004). What is the Real Relationship between Income and Charitable Giving? Public Finance Review , 32 (5), 483-97.

Mesch, D. J., Brown, M. S., Moore, Z. I., & Hayat, A. D. (2011). Gender Differences in Charitable Giving. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing , 16, 342-355.

Mesch, D. J., Rooney, P. M., Steinberg, K. S., & Denton, B. (2006). The Effects of Race, Gender, and Marital Status on Giving and Volunteering in Indiana. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 35, 565-587.

Naeem, S., & Zaman, A. (2014). Gender and Ultimatum in Pakistan: Revisited. Pakistan Development Review , 53 (1).

Najam, A. (2007). Portrait of A Giving Community: Philanthropy by the Pakistani-American Diaspora .

Harvard: Harvard University Press.

Piper, G., & Schnepf, S. V. (2008). Gender Differences in Charitable Giving in Great Britain.

International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations , 19 (2), 103-124.

Razzaque, S. (2009). The ultimatum game and gender effect: experimental evidence from Pakistan.

Pakistan Development Review , 48 (1), 23-46.

Regnerus, M. D., Smith, C., & Sikkink, D. (1998). Who Gives to the Poor? The Role of Religious

Tradition and Political Location on the Personal Generosity of Americans Toward the Poor. Journal

for the Scientific Study of Religion , 37, 481–93.

Rooney, M. P., Steinberg, K., & Schervish, P. G. (2001). A Methodological Comparison of Giving

Surveys: Indiana As a Test Case. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 30, 551-68.

Roth, A., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., & Zamir, S. (1991). Bargaining and Market behavior in Jerusalem , Ljubiljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo :An experimental study. American Economic Review ,

81, 1068-1095.

Schervish, P. G., & Havens, J. J. (1995). Explaining the curve in the U-shaped curve. Voluntas , 6, 202- 25.

Seguino, S., & Lovinsky, J. (2009). The Impact of Religiosity on Gender Attitudes and Outcomes.

available at: http://www.uvm.edu/~sseguino/pdf/Religiosity.pdf.

Titmuss, R. M. (1970). The Gift Relationship. Allen and Unwin.

Wiepking, P. (2004). Do the Poor Donate More? The Effect of Income on Philanthropic Donations.

The 33rd annual Arnova conference. Los Angeles, CA, 2004.

Wilhelm, M. O., Rooney, P. M., & Tempel, E. R. (2007). Changes in Religious Giving Reflect Changes in Involvement: Age and Cohort Effects in Religious Giving, Secular Giving, and Attendance. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 46, 217-32.

Willer, R., Wimer, C., & Owens, L. (2012). Explaining the Gender Gap in Charitable Giving: Lower Empathy Leads Men to Give Less to Poverty Relief. The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality working paper: available at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/working_papers/x-

Gender_Gap_Poverty_Relief.pdf .