Unit 1 Global Expansions and Encounter
anti-Semitism
views, actions, or policies that discriminate against Semites (descendents from some ancient Asian peoples, including Jews and some Arabs)
autocratic
describes a form of government where one person has absolute rule
capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership and competition, motivated by profit
cartography
science of making maps
chattel
a type of slavery where the slave is the sole property of the master with no rights
desecrate
to destroy or damage offensively a sacred object or thing
domestic
any conditions related to the internal affairs of a nation
empirical
information or learning based on actual observation and experiment
encomienda
colonial Spanish economic and social policy
enlightened
describes a person who is open-minded and understands all the facts
envoy
an official diplomat or representative of a nation
hegemony
dominant control by one group or person over others
heliocentric
idea that our sun is at the center of this solar system
humanism
a secular intellectual and cultural movement based on ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
imperialism
policy extending political, economic, or military rule over another
indentured
an agreement committing one person to be another’s slave for a certain period of time
indulgences
lessening of punishment for sin or wrongdoing
Inquisition
a time of intense Catholic persecution of those who did not hold to traditional Catholic beliefs
mercantilism
an economic system where colonies supply goods to the mother country
monarch
a person who rules a nation for life or by hereditary right
monopoly
one group having control of an industry or market by being the only provider
nationalism
a strong sense of love and devotion toward a nation
parliamentary
a legislative body made up of elected and nonelected members
pogrom
a planned strategy to kill off a minority or ethnic group within a country
pragmatism
a way of thinking that is more concerned with results than with theories
reform
to change or improve something by correcting faults or removing abuses
secular
anything that is not spiritual or religious in nature
serfdom
farmland owned by nobility and run by enslaved workers
servitude
the condition of being a slave
slavery
the condition of being forced to work for another person
sovereignty
ultimate authority over a state or an independent state
tolerance
accepting the different views or beliefs of others
tribute
a payment made to a political leader as a sign of submission
usurp
to seize or take something without the right to do so
utopia
An ideal or perfect place where everyone lives in harmony
Unit 2 The Age of Revolutions, 1750-1914
bourgeoisie
the middle class
Creole
a person of European ancestry who was born in the Americas
Habsburg
a royal family of Europe
ideological
describes a body of ideas that reflect the political, cultural, or religious beliefs of a person or group of people
literacy
the quality of being able to read and write
manumission
the practice of emancipating slaves
mestizo
a person of mixed European and indigenous descent
mulatto
a person of mixed European and African descent
opium
an addictive narcotic drug
proletariat
the working class
sepoys
Indian troops
sikhs
followers of the Sikh religion which is centered in the Indian Punjab State and combines elements of Hinduism and Islam
suffrage
voting rights
zaibatsu
powerful industrial families in Japan
Unit 3 A Half Century of Crisis and Achievement, 1900-1945
alliances
associations formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations
Allies
the countries of France, Russia, Britain, and, from 1917, the U.S. during World War I
annexation
to add or attach territory into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city
apartheid
a South African social policy of racial segregation involving political, economic, and legal discrimination against non-whites
armistice
an agreement between parties to stop the fighting; not a surrender
Armistice Day
November 11, 1918, the day that the German command met with the Allies and signed the armistice, or treaty to stop the fighting
artisan
a craftsperson
asocial
unable or unwilling to conform to normal standards of social behavior; antisocial
atonal
lacking a tonal center or key; characterized by atonality
attrition
a wearing-down or weakening of resistance as a result of continuous pressure or harassment
autocratic
form of government where one person has absolute rule
Bolshevik
a member of the left-wing majority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party
bourgeoisie
the middle class
chattel
a type of slavery where the slave is the sole property of the master with no rights
collaborator
a person who cooperates, usually willingly, with an enemy nation, especially with an enemy occupying one's country
combatant
person who takes part in armed strife
cubism
a revolutionary movement in art that deconstructed an object into its parts then put them back to together using angles, shapes and unrealistic imagery
czar
a male monarch or emperor of Russia before 1917. Russian for Caesar, czar is also spelled tsar
Democracy
a form of government where every citizen gets to participate
dissonance
disagreeable sounds; opposite of harmony
ego
the self that develops defense mechanisms deal with the ravenous appetites of the id.
euthanasia
practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or withholding medical treatment
exile
a person banished from his or her native land
exterminate
to get rid of by destroying; destroy totally
fascism
a movement arising from World War I that found glory in war and exerted a radical authoritarian style often accompanied by violence
genocide
the systematic killing of a people group by another
genre
a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content
globalization
the process of conducting business on a global scale
harmony
the sounding of two or more musical notes at the same time in a way that is pleasant or desired
Holocaust
the systematic mass slaughter of European Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps during World War II
id
the most primitive urges for gratification in the infant, no logic
internment camps
sites of the forced relocation and incarceration of people, usually during wartime
liberalism
a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution
literacy
ability to read and write
melody
a rhythmical succession of single tones producing a distinct musical phrase or idea
Menshevik
a member of the liberal minority group of the Russian Social Democratic Party
militarism
the policy of maintaining a large military establishment to be used aggressively at a moment's notice
Nationalism
a strong sense of love and devotion toward a nation
negotiations
mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement
nocturne
an instrumental composition of a pensive, dreamy mood, especially one for the piano
phenomenon
something that is impressive or extraordinary
pragmatism
a way of thinking that is more concerned with results than with theories
prelude
a piece of music played as an introduction to the main piece
productivity
producing or tending to produce goods and services having exchange value
proletariat
the poorest class of working people in society
propaganda
the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
protectionism
economic policy advocating government protection of domestic agriculture and industries from foreign competition by institution of tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on foreign imports
rearmament
to rearm oneself again; to equip with better weapons
reparation
compensation demanded by the victor over its vanquished foe
republicanism
the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government
revolution
the overthrow of one government and its replacement with another
rhythm
the "beat" of music; the regular pattern of long and short notes. Certain kinds of music, such as blues or marches, have a very characteristic rhythm
serf
a member of the lowest feudal class
serfdom
farmland owned by nobility and run by enslaved workers
socialism
any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy
sublimate
divert or modify into an acceptable behavior
superego
develops from internalization of society’s morals - learned from parents
symphony
a concert performed by a symphony orchestra
syncopation
a shift of accent in a passage or composition that occurs when a normally weak beat is stressed
tariff
a tax on imported goods
totalitarianism
a form of government that recognizes no limits and no individual freedoms for its citizens
trench warfare
fighting that involves an army digging long trenches at the front, from which soldiers can fight and remain protected
urbanization
the process by which cities grow or by which societies become more urban
utilitarianism
theory that emphasizes practical usefulness of things, not their outward beauty
Uitlanders
term comes from the Afrikaans for 'foreigner', was the name given to foreign migrant workers
Zionist
one who advocates the position that Jews should maintain their religious and racial identity, not assimilate into other races, and who advocates a Jewish state for Jews to live, in citing the Bible
Unit 4 The 20th Century Since 1945: Promises and Paradoxes
anathema
a person or thing that is hated, a curse
atrocity
a horrible act of violence against another person or group
bipolar
a world with two superpowers; e.g., the United States and the Soviet Union
bloc
a united group of countries with common interests, goals, or aims
boycott
refuse to buy products or perform services as acts of rebellion against a company or government
capital
money that is used to produce greater wealth
charter
a formal statement of aims, goals, and principles of an organization
Communism
ideology based on a classless society where control of wealth and property belongs to the state
condone
to overlook and as a result seem to show approval of
consumption
amount of fuels and resources used
culture
all the knowledge and values shared by a society
detente
an easing of tensions between two nations
diversity
variety in a group such as gender, ethnicity, and economics
embargo
refusal to trade goods with another nation
espionage
spying or gathering intelligence
ethnic
a group sharing distinctive cultural traits
exploit
to selfishly take advantage of a weaker person or nation
feminism
a movement dedicated to securing equality for women in all areas
freedom fighters
a group of militant revolutionaries or those who fight for freedom against an established tyranny
fundamentalism
a religious movement based on a literal interpretation of a doctrine
gender
the sex of a person, whether male or female
genocide
the systematic killing of a people group by other people group
glasnost
a government policy that opens itself up to accountabilty by other nations
globalization
the process of conducting business on a global scale
heritage
a person or country's past history and culture
humanitarian
a person or group that tries to improve the lives of others
imperialism
policy extending political, economic, or military rule over another
indigenous
describes people groups that are native to a region
investment
money put into a bank or company for the purpose of making a profit
Islamic clerics
the body of scholars who are authorities of Muslim religion and law
jihad
a struggle by Islamic believers to live a life of faith, build a strong society, and defend Islam
multipolar
a world with many great powers; e.g., nineteenth-century England, France, Germany, Spain, and the netherlands
nationalism
a strong sense of love and devotion toward a nation
pandemic
a large-scale spread of a deadly disease, e.g., the plague
partition
to divide a nation into two or more parts
patriarchal
a culture or society in which men are the most powerful members
perestroika
a political and economic reform policy on behalf of the Soviet Union
policy of containment
U.S. foreign policy using different strategies to prevent the spread of communism around the world
propaganda
the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
punitive
inflicting or concerned with punishment
radicalized
describes someone who has become an extreme advocate of a radical political, social, or religious ideology
ratify
to give formal approval to an agreement
sanctions
penalties for violating rules
sectarian
relating to religious or political sects and the differences between them
sedition
acts of verbal or physical rebellion against civil authority
sepoys
Indians that formed part of the British army
socialism
system of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods are owned collectively or by a centralized government
tariff
a tax on imported goods
technology
the development and use of machines, devices and ideas to further people's knowledge
veto
a vote that rejects a measure or bill
Unit 5 Turning Points in Human History
alchemy
a medieval science with aims to turn one substance into another (like sand into gold), discover universal cures, and prolong life
autonomy
existence as an independent nation or government
barter
to trade goods or services without the exchange of money
capital
money that is used to produce greater wealth
developing country
low and middle-income countries where people have limited access to basic goods and services
economist
a person who studies the field of economics
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture
etymology
the study of the origins of words
family planning
a service intended to help people decide if they will have children and how many children they will have
laissez-faire
an economic doctrine that opposes government interference in economic activities
mercantilism
an economic system where colonies supply goods to the mother country
Mesolithic Age
the middle period in the development of technology; between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods (12,000-8,000 B.C.)
nation
a group of people united by a common language, culture, and history
nationalism
a strong sense of love and devotion toward a nation
natural philosophy
the philosophical study of nature and physical universe
Neolithic Age
the latest period of the Stone Age (8,000-5,000 B.C.)
Paleolithic
Old Stone Age (1,000,000-12,000 B.C.)
physiocrat
an eighteenth-century French economist
production
something that is produced; a product
quota
a fixed amount
rural
describes the area outside cities; the country
sedentary
having settled down in one location
social services
government-sponsored services that improve a population's standard of living
sovereignty
ultimate authority over a state or an independent state
urban
describes the area that makes up a city
W.H.O.
World Health Organization - United Nations agency dedicated to making sure all people can attain the highest possible level of health