*have only one vowel
*vowel followed by one or more consonants (closed in)
*vowel sound is short (marked with a breve)
*two or three letters welded together
*include all, am, an, ang, ank, ing, ink, ong, onk, ung, and unk
*follows similar pattern to closed syllables
*have long vowel sound instead of expected short vowel sound
*taught as glued sounds
*include ild, ind, old, olt, and ost
*spelled by c, k, or ck
*c is found at the beginning of a word
*k is found at the end of a word following consonants
*ck is at the end of a one-syllable word immediately following short vowels
*spelled by ch or tch
*ch is found at the beginning of a word or after a consonant/vowel team
*tch is found following a short vowel
*w and qu change the sound of a
*qu makes the /kw/ sound
text blast draft link champ sang
lend sprint scan blank strong sung
most grind cold shack check clap
bolt child kind kick crisp milk
pitch pinch crunch wash want squat
chop itch chimp watch swamp squash