Stellar Populations
There are at least 5 types of galaxy evolution -- photometric, chemical, morphological, dynamical, and number evolution. When one can view the entire HR diagram of a stellar system, the process of measuring the history of star formation and chemical enrichment is relatively easy. But often times, much less information is available.
In order trace galaxy evolution over ~13 Gyr of cosmic time, astronomers have developed a number of different tools. These tools include Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting, Delay Time Distribution (DTD) analysis, and the use of bright planetary nebulae for measuring metallicities as a function of the age of the progenitor star.
Publications
Duffy, L., Molina, M., Eracleous, M., \ciardullo, Yan, R., Gronwall, C., Ajgaonkar, N., Boquien, M., Zhou, S., & Li, C. 2023, "The IRX-Beta Relation in kpc-sized Star Forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies,'' M.N.R.A.S, 526, 904 [ADS Entry]
Sarbadhicary, S.K.k Heiger, M., Badenes, C., Mateu, C., Newman, J.A., Ciardullo, R., Hallakoun, N., Maoz, D., & Chomiuk, L. 2021, "The RR Lyrae Delay-time Distribution: A Novel Perspective on Models of Old Stellar Populations," Ap. J., 912, 140 [ADS Entry]
Molina, M., Ajgaonkar, N., Yan, R., Ciardullo, R., Gronwall, C., Eracleous, M., Boquien, M., & Schneider, D.P. 2020, "A Cautionary Tale of Attenuation in Star-Forming Regions," M.N.R.A.S., 494, 4751 [ADS Entry]
Bowman, W.P., Zeimann, G.R., Nagaraj, G., Ciardullo, R., Gronwall, C., McCarron, A.P., Weiss, L.H., Molina, M., Belles, A., & Schneider, D.P. 2020, "MCSED: A Flexible Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting Code and Its Application to z ~ 2 Emission-line Galaxies," Ap. J., 899, 7 [ADS Entry]
Davis, B.D., Ciardullo, R., Jacoby, G.H., Feldmeier, J.J., & Indahl, B.L. 2018, "The True Luminosities of Planetary Nebulae in M31's Bulge: Massive Central Stars from an Old Stellar Population," Ap. J., 863, 189 [ADS Entry]
Bowman, W.P., Pilachowski, C.A., van Zee, L., Winans, A., Ciardullo, R., & Gronwall, C. 2017, "Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light," A. J., 154 131 [ADS Entry]
Grasshorn Gebhardt, H.S., Zeimann, G.R., Ciardullo, R., Gronwall, C., Hagen, A., Bridge, J.S., Schneider, D.P., & Trump, J.R. 2016, "Young, Star-forming Galaxies and their Local Counterparts: the Evolving Relationship of Mass-SFR-Metallicity Since z ~ 2.1," Ap. J., 817, 10 [ADS Entry]
Rodruck, M., Konstantopoulos, I., Knierman, K., Fedotov, K., Mullan, B., Gallagher, S., Durrell, P., Ciardullo, R., Gronwall, C., & Charlton, J. 2016, "A Tale of Two Tails: Exploring Stellar Populations in the Tidal Tails of NGC 3256," M.N.R.A.S., 461, 36 [ADS Entry]
Badenes, C., Maoz, D., & Ciardullo, R. 2015, "The Progenitors and Lifetimes of Planetary Nebulae," Ap. J. (Letters), 804, 25 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R. 2010, "The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function: Pieces of the Puzzle", Pub. A.S.A., 27, 149 [ADS Entry]
Williams, B.F., Ciardullo, R., Durrell, P.R., Vinciguerra, M., Feldmeier, J.J., Jacoby, G.H., Sigurdsson, S., von Hippel, T., Ferguson, H.C., Tanvir, N.R., Arnaboldi, M., Gerhard, O., Aguerri, J.A.L., & Freeman, K.C. 2007, "The Metallicity Distribution of Intracluster Stars in Virgo" Ap. J., 656, 756. [ADS - Abstract and Full Paper] Durrell, P.R., Williams, B.F., Ciardullo, R., Feldmeier, J.J., von Hippel, T., Sigurdsson, S., Jacoby, G.H., Ferguson, H.C., Tanvir, N.R., Arnaboldi, M., Gerhard, O., Aguerri, J.A.L., Freeman, K., & Vinciguerra, M. 2007, "The Resolved Stellar Populations of a Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster," Ap. J., 656, 746 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R., Sigurdsson, S., Feldmeier, J.J., & Jacoby, G.H. 2005, "Close Binaries as the Progenitors of the Brightest Planetary Nebulae," Ap. J., 629, 499 [ADS Entry]
Jacoby, G.H., & Ciardullo, R. 1999, "Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in M31's Bulge," Ap. J., 515, 169 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R. 1995, "Planetary Nebula Luminosity Functions and Prospects for the Future," in I.A.U. Highlights of Astronomy #10, p. 507 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R., & Demarque, P. 1978, "The Evolution of the Integrated Colors of Globular Clusters and Elliptical Galaxies," in I.A.U. Symp. 80, the HR Diagram (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 345 [ADS Entry]
Philip, A.G.D., Demarque, P., Sweigart, A.V., & Ciardullo, R.B. 1977, "A Comparison of Observations with Main-Sequence Evolutionary Models," Pub. A.S.P., 89, 554 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R.B., & Demarque, P. 1977, "Tables of Bolometeric Luminosity Functions, Part II. Computed for Ages between 200 and 25000 Million Years, and Chemical Compositions in the Ranges 0.1<=Y<=0.4 and 0.00001<=Z<=0.1," Transactions of the Astronomical Observatory of Yale University, Vol 35 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R.B., & Demarque, P. 1977, "Tables of Bolometeric Luminosity Functions, Part I. Computed for Ages between 200 and 25000 Million Years, and Chemical Compositions in the Ranges 0.1<=Y<=0.4 and 0.00001<=Z<=0.1," Transactions of the Astronomical Observatory of Yale University, Vol 34 [ADS Entry]
Ciardullo, R.B., & Demarque, P. 1977, "Tables of Isochrones Constructed from Theoretical Tracks of Stellar Evolution for Ages between 200 and 25000 Million Years and Chemical Compositions in the Ranges 0.1<=Y<=0.4 and 0.00001<=Z<=0.1," Transactions of the Astronomical Observatory of Yale University, Vol 33 [ADS Entry]