For short answer paragraph responses, the most succinct, argumentative, and well-evidenced approach is the Jane Schaffer formula. This style is most helpful for students who struggle with writing structure. For more information, visit her website here.
Topic Sentence/Transitional sentence/Claim
CD - plot statement/quote/proof + citation
CM - analysis of above statement = explain how the CD supports the topic sentence
CM - analysis of above statement x2, but MORE, not repeating
CD - plot statement/quote/proof + citation
CM - analysis of above statement = explain how the CD supports the topic sentence
CM - analysis of above statement x2, but MORE, not repeating
Concluding sentence
Analysis/Argument Paragraphs
Topic Sentence - The first sentence in a body paragraph. This must have a subject and opinion (commentary) for the paragraph. It does the same thing for a body paragraph that the thesis does for the whole essay.
Concluding Sentence - The last sentence in a body paragraph. It is all commentary, does not repeat key words, and gives a finished feeling to the paragraph.
CD - concrete details - specific details that form the backbone or core of your body paragraphs. Synonyms for concrete detail include facts, specifics, examples, descriptions, illustrations, support, proof, evidence, quotations, paraphrasing, or plot references.
CM - commentary - your opinion or comment about something; not concrete detail. Synonyms include opinion, insight, analysis, interpretation, inference, personal response, feelings, evaluation, explication, and reflection