Crash Course in Anatomy & Physiology
This award-winning video series by the Green brothers (Hank and John) covers the basics of A&P in 8h (listed below). It provides a quick preview, and is presented with witty humour, fun facts and helpful animations. More info here.(click on topic to view individual video segment)
1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
1. 1 Anatomy: The Structure of Parts1. 2 Physiology: How Parts Function1. 3 Complementarity of Structure & Function1. 4 Hierarchy of Organization1. 5 Directional Terms 2. 1 Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial & Connective Tissues2. 2 History of Histology2. 3 Nervous Tissue Forms the Nervous System2. 4 Muscle Tissue Facilitates All Your Movements2. 5 Identifying Samples 3. 1 Epithelial Tissue Creates Inner & Outer Boundaries3. 2 Layering: Simple or Stratefied3. 3 Shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar3. 4 Epithelial Cells Are Polar3. 5 Apical & Basal Sides3. 6 Selectively Permeable3. 7 Glandular Epithelial Tissue Forms Endocrine & Exocrine Glands 4. 1 Four Types of Connective Tissue4. 2 All Develop From Mesenchyme4. 3 Different Degrees of Blood Flow4. 4 Extracellular Matrix Full of Ground Substance and Fibers4. 5 Blast, Cyte, and Immune Cell Types4. 6 Marfan Syndrome Affects Connective Tissue 5. 1 Loose and Dense Connective Tissue5. 2 Areolar, Adipose, Reticular, Tendons, Ligaments, Dense Irregular, and Dense Elastic Tissue5. 3 Three Cartilage Types, Spongy and Compact Bone Connective Tissue5. 4 Blood is a Connective Tissue Type6. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM, PART 1
6. 1 All About Skin6. 2 Epidermis, Dermis, & Hypodermis6. 3 Melanin And Keratin Cells6. 4 Ensure You Get A Good Tattoo7. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM, PART 2
7. 1 Protects Your Body7. 2 Senses the Outside World7. 3 Helps Excrete Waste7. 4 Stores Blood7. 5 Regulates Temperature7. 6 Makes Vitamin D7. 7 Indicates Signs of Poor Health7. 8 How Your Hair & Nails Grow7. 9 The Difference Between Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands7. 10 Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 8. 1 Sensory Input, Integration and Motor Output8. 2 Organization of Central and Peripheral Systems8. 3 Glial Cells8. 4 Role, Anatomy and Function of Neuron Types8. 5 Structure and Function of Neurons9. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART 2 - ACTION! POTENTIAL!
9. 1 Ion Channels Regulate Electrochemistry to Create Action Potential9. 2 Resting State9. 3 Depolarization9. 4 Repolarization9. 5 Hyperpolarization10. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART 3 - SYNAPSES!
10. 1 Electrical Synapses Use Ion Currents Over Gap Junctions to Transmit Neurological Signals10. 2 Chemical Synapses Turn Electrical Signals Into Chemical Ones10. 3 Chemical Synapses Use Neurotransmitters10. 4 Effects of Cocaine In the Electrochemical System 11. 1 Central Nervous System, Location and Brain Function11. 2 Brain Development11. 3 Neural Tube11. 4 Three Primary Vesicles11. 5 Four Adult Structures and Their Basic Functions 12. 1 Peripheral Nervous System12. 2 Afferent and Efferent Divisions12. 3 Information and Responses to Pain12. 4 Five Steps of the Reflex Arc12. 5 Different Kinds of Reflexes12. 6 What the Brain Says About PainVideos 13-15 will not be covered in this course.
13. 1 The Basic Two-Part System of the Autonomic Nervous System13. 2 Sympathetic Nervous System13. 3 Parasympathetic Nervous System13. 4 Their Nerve Fibers Originate in Different Parts of the Body13. 5 Sympathetic Ganglia Are Close to the Spinal Cord13. 6 Parasympathetic Ganglia Are Close to Their Effectors14. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
14. 1 Sympathetic Nervous System Controls the Body's Stress Response14. 2 How Signals Travel to Effectors14. 3 Acetylcholine in the Ganglion14. 4 Norepinephrine at the Effector14. 5 Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Are Secreted as Hormones14. 6 Alpha Receptors Cause Smooth Muscles to Constrict14. 7 Beta Receptors Cause Smooth Muscles to Relax15. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
15. 1 Parasympathetic Nervous System15. 2 Structural Differences from the Sympathetic System15. 3 Twelve Cranial Nerves15. 4 Vagus Nerve 16. 1 Anatomy and Physiology of Smell16. 2 The Olfactory Sensory Neurons16. 3 Receptors → Glomerulus → Mitral Cells → Brain16. 4 Taste Receptor Epithelial Cells16. 5 Receptors Trigger Action Potentials to Four Different Cranial Nerves 17. 1 Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, and Hair Cells Register and Transduct Sound into Action Potentials17. 2 The Vestibular Apparatus Responds to Specific Motions17. 3 Keep Your Equilibrium 18. 1 The Structure of the Eye18. 2 The Fibrous, Vascular, and Inner Layers18. 3 The Retina18. 4 Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cells, and Ganglion Neurons18. 5 Rods and Cones 19. 1 Anatomy of the Skeletal System19. 2 Flat, Short, and Irregular Bones19. 3 Arrangements of Compact and Spongy Bone19. 4 Osteons and Their Inner Lamella19. 5 Bone Remodeling19. 6 Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts 20. 1 Basic Structure of Your Skeletal System20. 2 Axial and the Appendicular Skeleton20. 3 Structural and Functional Classifications of Joints20. 4 Major Types of Body Movement21. MUSCLES, PART 1 - MUSCLE CELLS
21. 1 Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscles Create Movement21. 2 Sliding Filament Model21. 3 Skeletal Muscles Are Made of Bundles of Protein Fibers21. 4 Actin and Myosin Myofilaments21. 5 Calcium and ATP Cause the Binding and Unbinding22. MUSCLES, PART 2 - ORGANISMAL LEVEL
22. 1 Skeletal Muscles Work Together to Create and Reverse Movements22. 2 Motor Units22. 3 Three Phases of Muscle Twitches22. 4 Strength and Frequency of Impulses22. 5 Strength and Duration of a Contraction22. 6 Twitch Summation vs Tetanus22. 7 Isotonic vs Isometric Movements23. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, PART 1 - GLANDS & HORMONES
23. 1 Endocrine System23. 2 Glands Produce Hormones23. 3 Amino Acid Based and Water Soluble23. 4 Steroidal and Lipid Soluble23. 5 Hormone Cascades23. 6 HPA Axis Effects Your Stress Response24. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, PART 2 - HORMONE CASCADES
24. 1 Chemical Homeostasis24. 2 Hormone Cascades24. 3 HPT Axis25. THE HEART, PART 1 - UNDER PRESSURE
25. 1 Heart's Ventricles, Atria and Valves Create a Pump25. 2 Maintains Both High and Low Pressure25. 3 Blood Circulates From the Heart to the Body Through Your Arteries25. 4 Blood Circulates From the Body to the Heart Through Your Veins25. 5 Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure26. THE HEART, PART 2 - HEART THROBS
26. 1 Pacemaker Cells Generate Their Own Action Potentials26. 2 The Cardiac Conduction Pathway26. 3 SA Node to Purkinje Fibers26. 4 How Defbrilators Work27. BLOOD VESSELS, PART 1 - FORM AND FUNCTION
27. 1 The Basice Three-Layer Structure of Your Blood Vessels27. 2 Different Types of Vessels27. 3 The Flow of Blood From Your Heart to Capillaries27. 4 The Flow From Capillaries to the Heart28. BLOOD VESSELS, PART 2 - BLOOD PRESSURE KILLS
28. 1 Don't Butter Your Bacon 28. 2 Blood Flow and Resistance 28. 3 Blood Pressure 28. 4 Short Term Responses 28. 5 Neural, Hormonal, and Kidney Response 28. 6 How Chronic High Blood Pressure Can Kill29. BLOOD, PART 1 - TRUE BLOOD
29. 1 The Basic Components of Blood29. 2 Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and Plasma29. 3 The Basic Process of Hemostasis29. 4 How Antigens Are Responsible For Your Blood Type30. BLOOD, PART 2 - THERE WILL BE BLOOD
30. 1 Structure and Function of Your Erythrocyte30. 2 Hemoglobin Carries Oxygen30. 3 The Formation and Life Cycle of a Red Blood Cell30. 4 EPO and Signalling Molecules Regulate Blood Cells30. 5 Doping the Blood is a Recipe for Disaster31. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, PART 1
31. 1 The Mechanics of Both Simple Diffusion and Bulk Flow31. 2 The Physiology of Breathing31. 3 Anatomy of the Conducting Zone31. 4 Anatomy of Respiratory Zone32. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, PART 2
32. 1 How Blood Cells Exchange Oxygen and CO232. 2 Partial Pressure Gradients32. 3 How Hemoglobin Binds to Gases in the Blood32. 4 The Thing With The Bag 33. 1 Ingestion33. 2 Propulsion33. 3 Mechanical Breakdown33. 4 Digestion33. 5 Absorption33. 6 Defecation 34. 1 Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Starts in the Mouth34. 2 Continues in the Stomach34. 3 Food is Pummeled by Acids and Enzymes and Turned Into Chyme34. 4 Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal Phases of Digestive Regulation 35. 1 The Small Intestine Performs Most of Your Chemical Digestion in the Duodenum35. 2 The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Contribute Enzymes35. 3 The Large Intestine is Actually Shorter Than the Small Intestine35. 4 The Large Intestine Extracts the Last Bit of Nutrition36. METABOLISM & NUTRITION, PART 1
36. 1 Water, Vitamins, Minerals, Carbs, Fats and Proteins36. 2 Anabolic Reactions Build Structures and Require Energy36. 3 Catabolic Reactions Tear Things Apart and Release Energy36. 4 Metabolism37. METABOLISM & NUTRITION, PART 2
37. 1 Cellular Respiration converts glucose into ATP37. 2 Glycogenesis converts glucose to glycogen37. 3 Lipogenesis converts glucose into triglycerides37. 4 Insulin regulates blood sugar levels 38. 1 Kidneys Filter Metabolic Waste & Balance Salt & Water Concentrations in the Blood38. 2 Nephrons38. 3 Glomerular Filtration38. 4 Tublar Reabsorption38. 5 Tubular Secretion38. 6 Urine 39. 1 Urinary System Regulates the Production of Urine39. 2 Mantains a Steady Glomerular Flow Rate39. 3 The Anatomy of Storing and Excreting Urine39. 4 Ureters to the Urethra39. 5 The Nervous System's Role in Controlling Urination40. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, PART 1 - FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
40. 1 Female Reproductive Anatomy40. 2 Sex Hormones Affect Oogenesis and Ovulation40. 3 Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles Mature and Release Oocytes40. 4 Uterine Environments and Fertilized Eggs41. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, PART 2 - MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
41. 1 Testicular Anatomy41. 2 Sperm Production41. 3 The Influence of Gonadotropin and Testosterone41. 4 How Sperm Mature and Leave the Body41. 5 Glandular Secretions During EjaculationVideos 42-47 will not be covered in this course.
42. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, PART 3 - SEX & FERTILIZATION
42. 1 Four Phases of the Human Sexual Response42. 2 Fertilization42. 3 Creating a Zygote42. 4 Methods of Birth Control43. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, PART 4 - PREGNANCY & DEVELOPMENT
43. 1 Stages of Pregnancy43. 2 Zygote -- Blastomere43. 3 Morula -- Blastocyst43. 4 Embryo -- Fetus43. 5 Anatomical Changes43. 6 Hormonal Sequences Leading to Labor 44. 1 The Lymphatic System Supports Cardiovascular Function44. 2 Collects, Filters, and Returns Interstitial Fluid Back to the Bloodstream44. 3 Lymphatic Vessels44. 4 Role In Fighting Off Infection44. 5 Lymph Nodes, Lymphoid Organs, and Malt Areas House Antigen-Attacking Lymphocytes 45. 1 Physical Barriers Like Skin and Mucous Membranes45. 2 Phagocytes - Neutrophils and Macrophages45. 3 Natural Killer Cells45. 4 Inflammatory Response 46. 1 Adaptive Immune System's Humoral Response46. 2 How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies46. 3 How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death46. 4 Active and Passive Humoral Immunity46. 5 How Vaccines Work 47. 1 Helper, Cytotoxic and Regulatory T Cells Attack Compromised Body Cells47. 2 Cytokines Activate B and T Cells47. 3 When Your Immune System Goes Rogue47. 4 Autoimmune Trouble