Fractured bones may be repaired by closed reduction or open reduction. Fractures are classified by their complexity, location, and other features. Common types of fractures are transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, open (or compound), and closed (or simple). Healing of fractures begins with the formation of a hematoma, followed by internal and external calli. Osteoclasts resorb dead bone, while osteoblasts create new bone that replaces the cartilage in the calli. The calli eventually unite, remodeling occurs, and healing is complete.
closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
external callus
collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
fracture
broken bone
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture
1. A fracture can be both ________.
A) open and closed
B) open and transverse
C) transverse and greenstick
D) greenstick and comminuted
B
2. How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?
A) The bone pierces fat stores in the skin.
B) The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
C) The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones.
D) The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.
B
3. In a compound fracture, ________.
A) the break occurs at an angle to the bone
B) the broken bone does not tear the skin
C) one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other
D) broken bone pierces the skin
D
4. The internal and external calli are replaced by ________.
A) hyaline cartilage
B) trabecular bone
C) osteogenic cells
D) osteoclasts
B
5. The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
A) compact
B) lamellar
C) spongy
D) dense
C
1. What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction? In what type of fracture would closed reduction most likely occur? In what type of fracture would open reduction most likely occur?
In closed reduction, the broken ends of a fractured bone can be reset without surgery. Open reduction requires surgery to return the broken ends of the bone to their correct anatomical position. A partial fracture would likely require closed reduction. A compound fracture would require open reduction.
2. In terms of origin and composition, what are the differences between an internal callus and an external callus?
The internal callus is produced by cells in the endosteum and is composed of a fibrocartilaginous matrix. The external callus is produced by cells in the periosteum and consists of hyaline cartilage and bone.