The skull consists of the brain case and the facial bones. The brain case surrounds and protects the brain, which occupies the cranial cavity inside the skull. It consists of the rounded calvaria and a complex base. The brain case is formed by eight bones, the paired parietal and temporal bones plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The sagittal suture joins the right and left parietal bones. The coronal suture joins the parietal bones to the frontal bone, the lamboid suture joins them to the occipital bone, and the squamous suture joins them to the temporal bone.
The facial bones support the facial structures and form the upper and lower jaws. These consist of 14 bones, with the paired maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior conchae bones and the unpaired vomer and mandible bones. The ethmoid bone also contributes to the formation of facial structures. The maxilla forms the upper jaw and the mandible forms the lower jaw. The maxilla also forms the larger anterior portion of the hard palate, which is completed by the smaller palatine bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate.
The floor of the cranial cavity increases in depth from front to back and is divided into three cranial fossae. The anterior cranial fossa is located between the frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. A small area of the ethmoid bone, consisting of the crista galli and cribriform plates, is located at the midline of this fossa. The middle cranial fossa extends from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone to the petrous ridge (petrous portion of temporal bone). The right and left sides are separated at the midline by the sella turcica, which surrounds the shallow hypophyseal fossa. Openings through the skull in the floor of the middle fossa include the optic canal and superior orbital fissure, which open into the posterior orbit, the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum, and the exit of the carotid canal with its underlying foramen lacerum. The deep posterior cranial fossa extends from the petrous ridge to the occipital bone. Openings here include the large foramen magnum, plus the internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramina, and hypoglossal canals. Additional openings located on the external base of the skull include the stylomastoid foramen and the entrance to the carotid canal.
The anterior skull has the orbits that house the eyeballs and associated muscles. The walls of the orbit are formed by contributions from seven bones: the frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, and sphenoid. Located at the superior margin of the orbit is the supraorbital foramen, and below the orbit is the infraorbital foramen. The mandible has two openings, the mandibular foramen on its inner surface and the mental foramen on its external surface near the chin. The nasal conchae are bony projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The large inferior nasal concha is an independent bone, while the middle and superior conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone. The nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage. The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
On the lateral skull, the zygomatic arch consists of two parts, the temporal process of the zygomatic bone anteriorly and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone posteriorly. The temporal fossa is the shallow space located on the lateral skull above the level of the zygomatic arch. The infratemporal fossa is located below the zygomatic arch and deep to the ramus of the mandible.
The hyoid bone is located in the upper neck and does not join with any other bone. It is held in position by muscles and serves to support the tongue above, the larynx below, and the pharynx posteriorly.
alveolar process of the mandible
upper border of mandibular body that contains the lower teeth
alveolar process of the maxilla
curved, inferior margin of the maxilla that supports and anchors the upper teeth
angle of the mandible
rounded corner located at outside margin of the body and ramus junction
anterior cranial fossa
shallowest and most anterior cranial fossa of the cranial base that extends from the frontal bone to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
articular tubercle
smooth ridge located on the inferior skull, immediately anterior to the mandibular fossa
brain case
portion of the skull that contains and protects the brain, consisting of the eight bones that form the cranial base and rounded upper skull
calvaria
(also, skullcap) rounded top of the skull
carotid canal
zig-zag tunnel providing passage through the base of the skull for the internal carotid artery to the brain; begins anteromedial to the styloid process and terminates in the middle cranial cavity, near the posterior-lateral base of the sella turcica
condylar process of the mandible
thickened upward projection from posterior margin of mandibular ramus
condyle
oval-shaped process located at the top of the condylar process of the mandible
coronal suture
joint that unites the frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones across the top of the skull
coronoid process of the mandible
flattened upward projection from the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus
cranial cavity
interior space of the skull that houses the brain
cranium
skull
cribriform plate
small, flattened areas with numerous small openings, located to either side of the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone
crista galli
small upward projection located at the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone
ethmoid air cell
one of several small, air-filled spaces located within the lateral sides of the ethmoid bone, between the orbit and upper nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
unpaired bone that forms the roof and upper, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, portions of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and medial wall of orbit, and the upper portion of the nasal septum
external acoustic meatus
ear canal opening located on the lateral side of the skull
external occipital protuberance
small bump located at the midline on the posterior skull
facial bones
fourteen bones that support the facial structures and form the upper and lower jaws and the hard palate
foramen lacerum
irregular opening in the base of the skull, located inferior to the exit of carotid canal
foramen magnum
large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium
foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa
oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa
foramen rotundum
round opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located between the superior orbital fissure and foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
small opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located lateral to the foramen ovale
frontal bone
unpaired bone that forms forehead, roof of orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa
frontal sinus
air-filled space within the frontal bone; most anterior of the paranasal sinuses
glabella
slight depression of frontal bone, located at the midline between the eyebrows
greater wings of sphenoid bone
lateral projections of the sphenoid bone that form the anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa and an area of the lateral skull
hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones
horizontal plate
medial extension from the palatine bone that forms the posterior quarter of the hard palate
hypoglossal canal
paired openings that pass anteriorly from the anterior-lateral margins of the foramen magnum deep to the occipital condyles
hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa
shallow depression on top of the sella turcica that houses the pituitary (hypophyseal) gland
inferior nasal concha
one of the paired bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity to form the largest and most inferior of the nasal conchae
infraorbital foramen
opening located on anterior skull, below the orbit
infratemporal fossa
space on lateral side of skull, below the level of the zygomatic arch and deep (medial) to the ramus of the mandible
internal acoustic meatus
opening into petrous ridge, located on the lateral wall of the posterior cranial fossa
jugular foramen
irregularly shaped opening located in the lateral floor of the posterior cranial cavity
lacrimal bone
paired bones that contribute to the anterior-medial wall of each orbit
lacrimal fossa
shallow depression in the anterior-medial wall of the orbit, formed by the lacrimal bone that gives rise to the nasolacrimal canal
lambdoid suture
inverted V-shaped joint that unites the occipital bone to the right and left parietal bones on the posterior skull
lateral pterygoid plate
paired, flattened bony projections of the sphenoid bone located on the inferior skull, lateral to the medial pterygoid plate
lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
lateral extensions of the sphenoid bone that form the bony lip separating the anterior and middle cranial fossae
lingula
small flap of bone located on the inner (medial) surface of mandibular ramus, next to the mandibular foramen
mandible
unpaired bone that forms the lower jaw bone; the only moveable bone of the skull
mandibular foramen
opening located on the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular ramus
mandibular fossa
oval depression located on the inferior surface of the skull
mandibular notch
large U-shaped notch located between the condylar process and coronoid process of the mandible
mastoid process
large bony prominence on the inferior, lateral skull, just behind the earlobe
maxillary bone
(also, maxilla) paired bones that form the upper jaw and anterior portion of the hard palate
maxillary sinus
air-filled space located with each maxillary bone; largest of the paranasal sinuses
medial pterygoid plate
paired, flattened bony projections of the sphenoid bone located on the inferior skull medial to the lateral pterygoid plate; form the posterior portion of the nasal cavity lateral wall
mental foramen
opening located on the anterior-lateral side of the mandibular body
mental protuberance
inferior margin of anterior mandible that forms the chin
middle cranial fossa
centrally located cranial fossa that extends from the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to the petrous ridge
middle nasal concha
nasal concha formed by the ethmoid bone that is located between the superior and inferior conchae
mylohyoid line
bony ridge located along the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular body
nasal bone
paired bones that form the base of the nose
nasal cavity
opening through skull for passage of air
nasal conchae
curved bony plates that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; include the superior and middle nasal conchae, which are parts of the ethmoid bone, and the independent inferior nasal conchae bone
nasal septum
flat, midline structure that divides the nasal cavity into halves, formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage
nasolacrimal canal
passage for drainage of tears that extends downward from the medial-anterior orbit to the nasal cavity, terminating behind the inferior nasal conchae
occipital bone
unpaired bone that forms the posterior portions of the brain case and base of the skull
occipital condyle
paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, to either side of the foramen magnum
optic canal
opening spanning between middle cranial fossa and posterior orbit
orbit
bony socket that contains the eyeball and associated muscles
palatine bone
paired bones that form the posterior quarter of the hard palate and a small area in floor of the orbit
palatine process
medial projection from the maxilla bone that forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate
paranasal sinuses
cavities within the skull that are connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consist of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses
parietal bone
paired bones that form the upper, lateral sides of the skull
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
downward, midline extension of the ethmoid bone that forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
petrous ridge
petrous portion of the temporal bone that forms a large, triangular ridge in the floor of the cranial cavity, separating the middle and posterior cranial fossae; houses the middle and inner ear structures
posterior cranial fossa
deepest and most posterior cranial fossa; extends from the petrous ridge to the occipital bone
pterion
H-shaped suture junction region that unites the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones on the lateral side of the skull
ramus of the mandible
vertical portion of the mandible
sagittal suture
joint that unites the right and left parietal bones at the midline along the top of the skull
sella turcica
elevated area of sphenoid bone located at midline of the middle cranial fossa
septal cartilage
flat cartilage structure that forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum
sphenoid bone
unpaired bone that forms the central base of skull
sphenoid sinus
air-filled space located within the sphenoid bone; most posterior of the paranasal sinuses
squamous suture
joint that unites the parietal bone to the squamous portion of the temporal bone on the lateral side of the skull
styloid process
downward projecting, elongated bony process located on the inferior aspect of the skull
stylomastoid foramen
opening located on inferior skull, between the styloid process and mastoid process
superior nasal concha
smallest and most superiorly located of the nasal conchae; formed by the ethmoid bone
superior nuchal line
paired bony lines on the posterior skull that extend laterally from the external occipital protuberance
superior orbital fissure
irregularly shaped opening between the middle cranial fossa and the posterior orbit
supraorbital foramen
opening located on anterior skull, at the superior margin of the orbit
supraorbital margin
superior margin of the orbit
suture
junction line at which adjacent bones of the skull are united by fibrous connective tissue
temporal bone
paired bones that form the lateral, inferior portions of the skull, with squamous, mastoid, and petrous portions
temporal fossa
shallow space on the lateral side of the skull, above the level of the zygomatic arch
temporal process of the zygomatic bone
short extension from the zygomatic bone that forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch
vomer bone
unpaired bone that forms the inferior and posterior portions of the nasal septum
zygomatic arch
elongated, free-standing arch on the lateral skull, formed anteriorly by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and posteriorly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
zygomatic bone
cheekbone; paired bones that contribute to the lateral orbit and anterior zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
extension from the temporal bone that forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch
Watch this video to view a rotating and exploded skull with color-coded bones. Which bone (yellow) is centrally located and joins with most of the other bones of the skull?
The sphenoid bone joins with most other bones of the skull. It is centrally located, where it forms portions of the rounded brain case and cranial base.
View this animation to see how a blow to the head may produce a contrecoup (counterblow) fracture of the basilar portion of the occipital bone on the base of the skull. Why may a basilar fracture be life threatening?
A basilar fracture may damage an artery entering the skull, causing bleeding in the brain.
1. Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?
A) parietal bone
B) zygomatic bone
C) maxillary bone
D) lacrimal bone
A
2. The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________.
A) frontal bone
B) occipital bone
C) other parietal bone
D) temporal bone
B
3. The middle cranial fossa ________.
A) is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge
B) is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
C) is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone
D) has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
D
4. The paranasal sinuses are ________.
A) air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
B) air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull
C) not connected to the nasal cavity
D) divided at the midline by the nasal septum
A
5. Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________.
A) sella turcica
B) squamous portion
C) glabella
D) zygomatic process
A
6. The bony openings of the skull include the ________.
A) carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa
B) superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit
C) mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit
D) hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
D
1. Define and list the bones that form the brain case or support the facial structures.
The brain case is that portion of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the rounded top of the skull, called the calvaria, and the base of the skull. There are eight bones that form the brain case. These are the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones support the facial structures, and form the upper and lower jaws, nasal cavity, nasal septum, and orbit. There are 14 facial bones. These are the paired maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones, and the unpaired vomer and mandible bones.
2. Identify the major sutures of the skull, their locations, and the bones united by each.
The coronal suture passes across the top of the anterior skull. It unites the frontal bone anteriorly with the right and left parietal bones. The sagittal suture runs at the midline on the top of the skull. It unites the right and left parietal bones with each other. The squamous suture is a curved suture located on the lateral side of the skull. It unites the squamous portion of the temporal bone to the parietal bone. The lambdoid suture is located on the posterior skull and has an inverted V-shape. It unites the occipital bone with the right and left parietal bones.
3. Describe the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and their boundaries, and give the midline structure that divides each into right and left areas.
The anterior cranial fossa is the shallowest of the three cranial fossae. It extends from the frontal bone anteriorly to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone posteriorly. It is divided at the midline by the crista galli and cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone. The middle cranial fossa is located in the central skull, and is deeper than the anterior fossa. The middle fossa extends from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone anteriorly to the petrous ridge posteriorly. It is divided at the midline by the sella turcica. The posterior cranial fossa is the deepest fossa. It extends from the petrous ridge anteriorly to the occipital bone posteriorly. The large foramen magnum is located at the midline of the posterior fossa.
4. Describe the parts of the nasal septum in both the dry and living skull.
There are two bony parts of the nasal septum in the dry skull. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the septum. The vomer bone forms the inferior and posterior parts of the septum. In the living skull, the septal cartilage completes the septum by filling in the anterior area between the bony components and extending outward into the nose.