Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Year.

Example - One Author:

Bleicher, Steven. Contemporary Color Theory & Use. Delmar, 2012.

Example - Two Authors:

McGuire, Saundra Yancy, and Stephanie McGuire*. Teach Students How to Learn. Stylus Publishing, 2015.

*When a book has two authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. The first given name appears in last name, first name format; the second author’s name appears in first name last name format. 

Example - Three or More Authors:

Burtenshaw, Ken, et al*. Fundamentals of Creative Advertising: An Introduction to Branding. AVA Publishing, 2006.

*If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase “et al.” in place of the subsequent authors' names. 

Example - A Book Prepared by an Editor:

Blanc-Hoàng, Henri S., et al. Comics as History, Comics as Literature: Roles of the Comic Book in Scholarship, Society, and Entertainment. Edited* by Annessa Ann Babic, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2013. 

*If there is an editor, cite the book chapter author(s) as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label, "Edited by". 

Example - A chapter from an anthology or collection:

Piam, Nina*. "An intriguing prompt can lead to a terrible learning experience" Wicked Arts Assignments. Edited by Emiel Heijnen and Melissa Bremmer, Valiz, 2020, pp. 35-39. 

*For a multi-chapter collection or anthology, cite the chapter author first

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Year. Database name, URL/DOI. 

Note: If the eBook you accessed has a URL or DOI, cite the book just like you would if it were in print. Then add the name of the database or website you used to access the online book, and add a URL or other location indicator at the end of the citation. 

Example - eBook with URL/DOI:

Wright, Steve. Digital Compositing for Film and Video. Focal Press, 2013. OneSearch, https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/digital-compositing-for/9781315283999/

Example - eBook with No URL, Software/eReader Known:

Dunn, Barbara. More Than a Song: Exploring the Healing Art of Music Therapy. Kindle ed., University Book Store Press, 2015. 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, volume, number, Year, pages. 

Example:

Solomon, Jonathan D. "Learning from Louis Vuitton." Journal of Architectural Education, vol. 63, no. 2, 2010, pp. 67-70.

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal or Magazine, vol., issue, Publication Date, pages. Title of Database, DOI or URL. Date of access (optional). 

Example - Article from Academic Search Premier:

McCarthy, Erin. “10 Scenes That Changed Movie History.” Popular Mechanics, vol. 184, no. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 64-65. Academic Search Premier, 0-search.ebscohost.com.library.academyart.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24623655&site=ehost-live. Accessed 23 Feb. 2016.

Example - Art & Architecture Source:

Meade, Melissa E., Jeffrey D. Wammes, and Myra A. Fernandes. "Comparing the Influence of Doodling, Drawing, and Writing at Encoding on Memory." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 73, no. 1, 2019, pp. 28-36. ProQuest, https://library.umaine.edu/auth/EZproxy/test/authej.asp?url=https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/comparing-influence-doodling-drawing-writing-at/docview/2199220719/se-2?accountid=28427, doi:http://dx.doi.org.wv-o-ursus-proxy06.ursus.maine.edu/10.1037/cep0000170.

Format:

Author or Editor’s Last name, First Name. “Title of Article or Page.” Name of Website. Version number, Name of Institution/Organization Affiliated with the Site (if different from the title of the website), date that the page/article/post was written (if available), URL. Date of access (optional). 

Example - Article or Page On a Website with a Known Author:

Gross, Doug. “It’s Social Media Day – Again!” CNN.com, 30 June 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/06/30/social.media.day/. Accessed 23 Dec. 2016.

Example - Article or Page on a Website with a Corporate Author:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. “Drafters.” Occupational Outlook Handbook, 17 Dec. 2015, www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/drafters.htm. Accessed 31 Dec. 2016.

Format:

Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork. Date Artwork Created, Name of Institution or Private Collection Housing Artwork, City Where Artwork is Housed. Name of Website, URL or DOI. Date of Access (optional). 

Example - Image from an Online Database:

Braun, Adolphe. Flower Study, Rose of Sharon. c. 1854, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Grove Art Online, 0-www.oxfordartonline.com.library.academyart.edu/subscriber/article/img/grove/art/F019413. Accessed 10 Jan. 2017.

Note: If the work is found only online, provide the name of the artist, title of the work, and then citation information for the website that it was found on. If no author is present, use the username that posted the image as the author.

Example - Image Found Only Online:

Cloix, Emmanuel. BROUSSAI 2 visu. 2007, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BROUSSAI_2_visu.jpg. Accessed 1 June 2011.

Format:

Title of Film or Video. Name of Director, Film Studio or Distributor, and the Release Year*. 

*For online hosted videos, use: "Title." Platform, uploaded by Screen name, published day/month/year, URL

Example - Film, Video, DVD, VHS, etc.:

It's a Wonderful Life. Directed by Frank Capra, performances by James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell*, RKO, 1946.

*For audio and video content found online, include descriptive information to help readers understand the type of source you are citing. If the author and the uploader are the same, only cite once. If they are different, place the author’s name before the title.

Example - YouTube, Vimeo, etc:

“2021 Virtual Graduation.” YouTube, uploaded by University of Maine Presque Isle, 08 June 2021, https://youtu.be/t3O0_RmChQk*.

*For online hosted video, include the viewing URL  

Format:

Instructor name (Last, First). The title of the lesson page.  The course sponsor or institution hosting the course, the start and end dates, and the page URL. Accessed date.

Example - Instructor content page in a course:

Smith, Joan. Introduction to Week 3. UMPI, 21 Jan- 05 May, 2032, https://courses.maine.edu/d2l/le/content/37201/viewContent/5411342/View.  Accessed 10 May 2032. 

WARNING!: AI-generated content is not like other sources you might cite. ChatGPT, DALL-E, and similar AI tools generate text, images, and other outputs based on the common patterns they learned from millions of other sources — the documents, images, or other data the AI tools trained on. It is usually impossible to trace AI-generated content back to the training sources it is based on or to know how the AI tool itself works. The work generated by AI tools replicates and often amplifies, the biases that exist in the training sources. Always check with your professor before using AI tools like ChatGPT, Dall-E, Midjourney, etc--many instructors do not allow these tools, or only allow them under certain circumstances!

The MLA Style Guide does include updated information on how to cite AI-generative content, in a variety of contexts, including how to cite images created with AI:

"Prompt, or question you asked the AI tool". Program/app, date. version, date, URL.

Works cited example:

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, https://chat.openai.com/share/cc308b8a-4334-48b3-acd4-4d4b537b2c36. 

General Format for In-Text Citations  

For in-text citations in MLA style, use the prompt/question in quotation marks: 

Example: 

While the green light in The Great Gatsby might be said to chiefly symbolize four main things: optimism, the unattainability of the American dream, greed, and covetousness (“Describe the symbolism”), arguably the most important—the one that ties all four themes together—is greed. 

 *The examples in this guidance were adapted from the MLA Style Guide, at: https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/