Embedded Files
Cell Biologist divide the eukaryotic cell into two major part: the NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM.
Cell Biologist divide the eukaryotic cell into two major part: the NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM.
One of the best ways to remember the functions of the organelles is to compare it something else!
One of the best ways to remember the functions of the organelles is to compare it something else!
I will be comparing Eukaryotic Cells to a Factory!
I will be comparing Eukaryotic Cells to a Factory!
Why? Because many of the structures found in the cell have specialized jobs/functions. This is why they are known as ORGANELLES because they act as "little organs."
Why? Because many of the structures found in the cell have specialized jobs/functions. This is why they are known as ORGANELLES because they act as "little organs."
Some Organelles have their own membrane surrounding it and keeping it separated from the rest of the cell!
Some Organelles have their own membrane surrounding it and keeping it separated from the rest of the cell!
Look at the table below to see which organelles have at least one of their own membranes surrounding it!
Look at the table below to see which organelles have at least one of their own membranes surrounding it!
CELL MEMBRANE aka PLASMA MEMBRANE:
CELL MEMBRANE aka PLASMA MEMBRANE:
THE SECURITY GATE
THE SECURITY GATE
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
ALL Cells have a cell membrane! We will be talking about cell membranes in more detail in the future!
DINB Help! - Cell/Plamsa Membrane
DINB Help! - Cell/Plamsa Membrane
Found In: Animal, Plant Cells, & Prokaryotic Cells (ALL CELLS!)
Structure: This is a thin and FLEXIBLE layer around the OUTSIDE of the cell. It is made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS arranged in a bilayer, with various types of PROTEINS embedded in it, including intergral proteins, transmembrane protiens, carrier proteins, protein channels, and glycoproteins.
Function: It SEPERATES the contents of the cell from the outside envirionment, and controls the ENTRY and EXIT of materials, mantaining homeostasis.
NUCLEUS:
NUCLEUS:
THE MAIN OFFICE/CONTROL CENTER
THE MAIN OFFICE/CONTROL CENTER
The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
It contains nearly all the cells DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: two membranes that surround the nucleus. It's dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: two membranes that surround the nucleus. It's dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus.
(It's like messages, instructions, or blueprints moving in/out of the office.)
CHROMATIN: the granular material you can see in the nucleus; consists of DNA bound to protein.
CHROMATIN: the granular material you can see in the nucleus; consists of DNA bound to protein.
CHROMOSOMES: condensed chromatin that forms when a cell divides. Contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
CHROMOSOMES: condensed chromatin that forms when a cell divides. Contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
NUCLEOLUS: Small, dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
NUCLEOLUS: Small, dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
DINB Help! - Nucleus
DINB Help! - Nucleus
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells
Structure: Surrounded by a NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (i.e. it is a double membrane) and contains nuclear PORES (holes). The interior is called the NUCLEOPLASM, which contains chromatin (DNA) and the NUCLEOLUS.
Function: The nucleus contains the cell's DNA, which is most often found as chromatin-during cell DIVISION it condenses into chromosomes. DNA REPLICATION and transcription both occur in the nucleus. The nucleolus produces rRNA and RIBOSOMES.
CYTOPLASM:
CYTOPLASM:
THE FOUNDATION OF THE FACTORY
THE FOUNDATION OF THE FACTORY
CYTOPLASM: the jelly like portion of the cell outside of the nucleus.
CYTOPLASM: the jelly like portion of the cell outside of the nucleus.
It the foundation of the cell since it holds all the organelles found in the cell.
It the foundation of the cell since it holds all the organelles found in the cell.
DINB Help! - Cytoplasm
DINB Help! - Cytoplasm
Found In: Animal, Plant Cells, & Prokaryotic Cells (ALL CELLS!)
Structure: A FLUID that fills the cell and is formed largely of WATER and salt.
Function: The cytoplasm contains the cell's ORGANELLES, proteins, ions, and other substances. It allows the cell to TRANSPORT substances and helps give the cell SHAPE.
MITOCHONDRIA:
MITOCHONDRIA:
THE POWER SUPPLY/GENERATOR
THE POWER SUPPLY/GENERATOR
Factories are hooked up to the local power company, but what about the cells? The mitochondira is the power supply of the cell! It takes sugar and turns that sugar into usable energy called ATP! This happens during a very special cellular process called CELLULAR RESPIRATION!
MITOCHONDRIA: (singular=mitochondrion) organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
MITOCHONDRIA: (singular=mitochondrion) organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
They're enclosed by two membranes (inner and outer). The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle.
Fun Fact: In humans, all or nearly all of the our mitochondria come from the cytoplasm of the ovum (egg cell).
DINB Help! - Mitochondria
DINB Help! - Mitochondria
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells
Structure: Rod shaped with a double MEMBRANE. The inner membrane is folded into CRISTAE. The fluid insides is called the MATRIX and it is here that some mitochondrial DNA is found.
Function: The is is the site of AEROBIC RESPIRATION (i.e. it is where ATP is synthesized). The CRISTAE increase the surface area of the reactions involved in ATP synthesis to occur on.
RIBOSOMES:
RIBOSOMES:
THE PROTEIN MACHINE
THE PROTEIN MACHINE
One of the most important jobs carried out in the cellular "factory" is making proteins!
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
RIBOSOMES: small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm that produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.
RIBOSOMES: small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm that produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.
Ribosomes create the proteins based on the orders give to it by its "boss" the nucleus.
Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often packed with ribosomes.
Ribosomes are one of the few organelles found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
DINB Help! - Ribosomes
DINB Help! - Ribosomes
Found In: Animal, Plant Cells, & Prokaryotic Cells (ALL CELLS!)
Structure: These are made of two SUBUNITS. Eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes, while PROKARYOTIC cells have smaller 70S ribosomes.
Function: The site of translation in PROTEIN synthesis, these produce proteins from amino acids. they can be found attached to the ROUGH ER making proteins for export from the cell, or they can be found free in the CYTOPLASM making proteins for the cell's own use.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:
THE MACROMOLECULE ASSEMBLY LINES
THE MACROMOLECULE ASSEMBLY LINES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells.
The ER is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins is the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. It's given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface.
The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins is the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. It's given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface.
The other portion of the ER is known as the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, because ribosomes are not found on its surface.
The other portion of the ER is known as the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, because ribosomes are not found on its surface.
Proteins that are released/exported from the cell, as well as proteins found in the cell membrane are synthesized on the ROUGH ER. The ROUGH ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of proteins for export.
The SMOOTH ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs. Liver cells which play a key role in detoxifying drugs, contain large amounts of SMOOTH ER.
DINB Help! - Rough ER
DINB Help! - Rough ER
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells
Structure: A series of FLATTENED sacs studded with RIBOSOMES.
Function: This is where PROTEIN synthesis occurs, forming proteins from AMINO ACIDS. These are then transported along it, before being taken to the CELL MEMBRANE.
DINB Help! - Smooth ER
DINB Help! - Smooth ER
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells
Structure: A series of interconnected FLATTENED sacs.
Function: Creates, stores, and transports LIPIDS and CARBOHYDRATES.
GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI BODY:
GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI BODY:
THE CUSTOMIZATION SHOP & MAIL ROOM
THE CUSTOMIZATION SHOP & MAIL ROOM
Proteins and lipids produced in the Rough and Smooth ER move next into the GOLGI APPARATUS.
GOLGI APPARATUS: stacks of closely apposed membranes that modifies, sorts, and packagers proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS: stacks of closely apposed membranes that modifies, sorts, and packagers proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
The GOLGI APPARATUS puts the finishing touches on the proteins before they leave the factory!
From the GOLGI APPARATUS, molecules are "shipped" to their final destinations throughout the cell or outside of the cell. Materials leave the cell through structures called VESICLES or GOLGI BODIES.
DINB Help! - Golgi Apparatus/Body
DINB Help! - Golgi Apparatus/Body
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells
Structure: A series of FLATTENED sacs called cisternae. The inside of the sacs is called the LUMEN.
Function: Proteins from the rough ER are MODIFIED here, along with lipids from the SMOOTH ER. The finished products are then TRANSPORTED to the cell membrane in GOLGI BODIES, small spherical vesicles that bud off from the end of the golgi apparatus.
LYSOSOMES:
LYSOSOMES:
THE CLEANUP CREW
THE CLEANUP CREW
LYSOSOMES: small organelles filled with enzymes that digests or breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
LYSOSOMES: small organelles filled with enzymes that digests or breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
Lysosomes are also involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
They remove "junk" that might otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell.
DINB Help! - Lysosomes
DINB Help! - Lysosomes
Found In: Animal Cells
Structure: A small VESICLE contained by a MEMBRANE.
Function: These contain LYSOZYMES (digestive enzymes) for the DEGRADATION (breakdown) of worn-out ORGANELLES, substances, and even whole cells, so that their materials may be RECYCLED.
VACUOLES:
VACUOLES:
THE STORAGE ROOM
THE STORAGE ROOM
Every factory needs a place to store things, and cells contain places for storage as well.
VACUOLES: sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
VACUOLES: sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
In many plant cells there is a single, large, central vacuole filled with liquid that allows the plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers.
Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms an in some animals.
DINB Help! - Vacuoles
DINB Help! - Vacuoles
Found In: Animal and Plant Cells (See Function for details.)
Structure: These are membrane-bound SACS. The membrane is called the TONOPLAST.
Function: Small vacuoles may be found in animal cells and they are formed when needed to STORE solutions of salts and other solutes. Large PERMANENT vacuoles are found in plant cells - these contain CELL SAP and provide SUPPORT to a cell, keeping it turgid.
CHLOROPLASTS:
CHLOROPLASTS:
THE SOLAR POWER SUPPLY
THE SOLAR POWER SUPPLY
Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts.
CHLOROPLASTS: organelle surrounded by membranes that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLASTS: organelle surrounded by membranes that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
Inside the chloroplasts are large stacks of other membranes, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of small DNA molecules. This has led to the idea that they may have descended from independent microorganisms (The Endosymbiotic Theory).
Want to Learn more about the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Want to Learn more about the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Check out this short Amoeba Sisters Video!
Check out this short Amoeba Sisters Video!
DINB Help! - Chloroplasts
DINB Help! - Chloroplasts
Found In: Plant Cells
Structure: Wider and rounder than MITOCHONDRIA, chloroplasts are also enclosed by a double MEMBRANE. Inside are THYLAKOIDS, which are folded membranes. These stack up to form a GRANUM. The fluid that fills the chloroplast is called the STROMA.
Function: The site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The thylakoids contain the green pigment CHLOROPHYLL which can absorb LIGHT for PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The stroma contains ENZYMES for the light-independent STAGE of photosynthesis.
CYTOSKELETON:
CYTOSKELETON:
*includes CENTRIOLES*
*includes CENTRIOLES*
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
A factory building is supported by steel or cement beams and by columns that support its walls and roofs. The CYTOSKELETON is the cells support system.
CYTOSKELETON: a supporting structure found in eukaryotic cells that gives them shape and internal organization.
CYTOSKELETON: a supporting structure found in eukaryotic cells that gives them shape and internal organization.
The CYTOSKELETON is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It is also involved in movement.
MICROFILAMENTS and MICROTUBULES are two of the principle proteins filaments that make up the cytoskeleton.
MICROFILAMENTS: threadlike structures made up of a protein called ACTIN. They form extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.
MICROFILAMENTS: threadlike structures made up of a protein called ACTIN. They form extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.
Microfilaments also help cells move. Their assembly and disassembly is responsible for the cytoplasmic movements that allow cells such as amoebas to crawl along surfaces.
MICROTUBULES: hollow structures made up of proteins known as TUBULINS. They play critical roles in maintaining cell shape in many cells. They are also important in cell division, where they form a structure known as the mitotic spindle, which helps to separate chromosomes.
MICROTUBULES: hollow structures made up of proteins known as TUBULINS. They play critical roles in maintaining cell shape in many cells. They are also important in cell division, where they form a structure known as the mitotic spindle, which helps to separate chromosomes.
CENTRIOLES: structures found in animal cells made from tubulin. They're located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. They're not found in plant cells.
CENTRIOLES: structures found in animal cells made from tubulin. They're located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. They're not found in plant cells.
Microtubules also help to build projections from the cell surface, which are known as cilia (singular=cilium) and flagella (singular=flagellum) that enables cells to swim rapidly through liquids.
Microtubules are arranged in a "9+2" pattern.
DINB Help! - Centrioles
DINB Help! - Centrioles
Found In: Animal Cells Only
Structure: Formed from MICROTUBULES, centrioles are CYLINDRICAL in shape.
Function: These are used during cell DIVISION. They help in the formation of SPINDLE FIBERS.
CELL WALL:
CELL WALL:
THE BRICK WALL
THE BRICK WALL
DINB Help! - Cell Wall
DINB Help! - Cell Wall
Found In: Plant, Fungi, and Prokaryotic Cells
Structure: A thick layer found outside the CELL MEMBRANE. It consists of a network of fibres, including CELLULOSE in plants and chitin in FUNGI. Often, there are channels through the plant cell walls that link the CYTOPLASMS of different cells - these holes are called plasmodesmota.
Function: Provides structural STRENGTH to cells and PREVENTS cells from bursting when water enters by OSMOSIS.
GET "G.I.F.FY" WITH IT!!!
GET "G.I.F.FY" WITH IT!!!
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