Biochem Review
MARIA S AND THERESSA L
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BONDING (INTRA- & INTER- MOLECULAR)
NON-POLAR COVALENT
NON-POLAR COVALENT
A chemical bond where two atoms share electrons equally.
POLAR COVALENT
POLAR COVALENT
Two atoms that unequally share electrons, creating a partial negative and positive
IONIC
IONIC
Electrons are transferred between atoms, a non-metal and metal. the atoms are oppositely charged, creating attraction.
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
Between Hydogen (H) and either Oxygen(O), Fluorine(F), or Nitrogen(N)
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
Attraction between negative end of a molecule and positive end of another molecule
LONDON
LONDON
Brief attraction between two molecules when they are in contact with one another
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
AMINE
HYDROXYL
PHOSPHATE
CARBOXYL
CARBONYL
SULPHYDROL
WATER - PROPERTIES
WATER - PROPERTIES
Lower density when solid
High heat capacity (SHC)
Universal solvent
Hydrogen bonding
BIOCHEMICAL CLASSES
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbon rings with hydroxyl group, mainly C-C bonds
Carbohydrates group together and from polysacchrides (condensation)
PROTIENS
Amino acid with any functional group attached
Four structures: (1) Amino acid chain, (2) ∝-helix/β-pleated sheets, (3) R-group interations, (4) multiple polypeptides
LIPIDS
Non-polar, C-H bonds
Saturated (C-C bonds), unsaturated (C=C bonds) and glycerol make up lipid structures
NUCLIEC ACIDS
Phosphate goup, Nitrogen base and a sugar
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
HYDROLYSIS
HYDROLYSIS
Compound broken down by water
CONDENSATION
CONDENSATION
H2O is taken out and two molecles are bonded together
REDOX
REDOX
Molecule is oxidized (looses) or reduced (gains) electrons
NEUTRALIZATION
NEUTRALIZATION
Acid and a Base react together to create water and a salt
TERMS
TERMS
EXOTHERMIC: Heat is released during a reaction
ENDOTHERMIC: Heat is absorbed into the reaction making it warm
ANABOLIC: Process of making something out of molecules (gluscose from photosynthesis)
CATABOLIC: Breaking down of chemicals
ENZYMES
ENZYMES
Enzymes aid in the reaction speed of cell. The enzyme has an active site that the substrate binds to and speeds up the reaction by lowering activation energy.
Factors affecting the reaction include:
pH: The enzymes are made to work in specific pH, and will not work in the wrong pH
Temperature: When it is too cold the enzymes move slowly, and the warmer it gets the faster the enzymes work. If it gets too hot the enzymes denatures
Body Regulation:
Inhibitors: Blocks (competitive), partially blocks (non-competitive) or alters (allosteric) the active site to change the enzyme function and ability
Feedback Loops: Ensure the enzymes are working properly and to the amount that is needed (inhibitors) so that the body is regulated, not over done
ANIMAL v. PLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
Different Organelles
Lysosomes: Digestion of food particles, disposal of damaged cell parts
Centriole: made of microtubles and assist in cellular movements
PLANT CELLS
PLANT CELLS
Different Organelles:
Vacule: both for support/structure and a supply warehouse
Vesicles: Transports materials in and around the cell, as well as store materials
Plastids: Store materials for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts: Produces food for plant by photosynthesis
Cell Wall: Structure and support in the plant
Both animal and plant cells have a nucleas and basic similarities. These differences are because of the different functions and tasks of the different organisms.
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
PHOSOPHOLIPID BILAYER
PHOSOPHOLIPID BILAYER
What the cell membrane is made of. Within this membrane there are protiens.
Glycoprotiens (sugars): unique per person, like blood type and immune system signatures to recognize intruders
Transport Protiens: Gates allowing/transporting certain molecules across the membranse
Receptors: Sites for homromoes
Ensymes: Catalase certain reactions in cellular respiration
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