Instructional Design

Instructional Design (ID) Definition

According to Piskurich (2015), “Instructional design is a way to plan your training program from the moment you have the idea for it (or the idea is given to you) until the moment you complete your revisions of your first effort and get ready to run the program again. It is a working model that you can use to manage the concepts and tasks that are part of a successful training process” (p. 4).

The ADDIE Model

Analysis Phase

During this stage the designer identifies the target audience, what they already know and what they should know at the completion of training/course.

Design Phase

This phase goals or learning objectives are determined, assessment tools to be used to test performance and planning of resources/media use. Planning of instructional materials with the goal to reach the training target is central to design, when designers need to determine optimum media to use, asses the available resources, determine the learning theory to be used to implement, detailed time frame for each activity and plan what to use to get feedback from learner on material learned.

Development Phase

The Development phases is building on the first two phases, Analyses and Design to effectively produce the instructional material and to test them to assess if materials produced are up to the task they were intended for. The time frame is checked and each team member of the design team’s input and timely delivery of their part, at their optimal capacity.

Implementation Phase

During this stage designers work with trainers and/or learners to ensure that positive results are obtained by implementing the instructional materials. In this phase designers will update and edit the course as necessary to make sure that it can be delivered affectively. Trainers and learners should be actively involved at this stage and their feedback should be used to make the design more effective.

Evaluation

This is the last stage of the ADDIE model, but also one which must be ongoing throughout the design process. The formative evaluation takes place during each stage and unfailingly during the implementation stage when feedback and observations are used to improve the ongoing design process. Summative evaluation happens at the end of the design process when all the questions on the design performance must be answered and the conclusion on the design effectiveness is drawn.

The Dick and Carey Model

James Carey, Lou Carey, and Walter Dick developed The Dick and Carey Model, which primarily focuses on creating instruction. The nine steps of this model are as follows.

1) Identifying the instructor's goals: stating of goals and objectives for the assignment.

2) Conduct an instructor's analysis: investigate what learners know now and what they need to learn, including skills needed to do the tasks required to complete this learning.

3) Identify learner behavior and characteristics: find out who is your learner, and how to best engage them to achieve the course objectives and goals as they are learning new material.

4) Instructor writes learner performance objective: mastering this objective should lead the learners to achieve the set goals through their participation in the instructional activities.

5) Create/develop criterion-reference tests for assessments: To assess the learners progress it creates formative evaluation criteria which can be implemented throughout the project/assignment . At the end it also creates the summative evaluations that will give the instructor an overall understanding of the learners' understanding at the end of project/assignment.

6) Design instructional strategies. Implements the learning theory or theories that may work best for this instruction and considering the learners characteristics.

7) Create/design/develop necessary instructional materials: During this step designers develop the necessary materials and specify the technologies that will be incorporated to facilitate learning by making instructional materials more accessible.

8) Develop/implement formative evaluation continuously: Just as in delivering a lesson, formative assessment should be done during all the stages of the project using various avenues. It si important to test instructional materials and correct them for errors, before using them for the learners, therefore improve the overall quality of the instruction.

9) Develop/implement summative evaluations at the end of project. This is the final evaluation of the outcome when learners are asked for their feedback about the handouts, assignments and learning instruments.

ADDIE and Dick and Carey Design Models-

Compare and Contrast

While comparing the ADDIE model and the Dick and Carey Model, one can see multiple similarities, but also differences . The ADDIE model stages can be found in the Dick and Carey Model, as in the later, steps one through three mirror the Analyses phase in ADDIE, steps four to seven cover the Design and Development stages of ADDIE while eight and nine are similar to the evaluation phase. parts.

ADDIE represents a structured process which is very logical and offers a good model to follow The drawback of ADDIE is that it states that tasks to be performed, but it doesn’t specify how to execute these tasks The Dick and Carey Model breaks down bulkier stages in the ADDIE model and gives more flexibility, for the instructor to create lessons around the specific learners. Most importantly The Dick and Carey Model has an ongoing revision of the design process which makes it more efficient as mistakes can be detected and corrected early in the process.

ETEC 5440 Project

The problem we are trying to solve with our project is addressing a change in attitude for our middle schoolers, and as research shows teens don’t change their risky behavior just because we tell them to do.

This is the link to the team project done during ETEC 5440 with Karri Rogers.

Excessive Recreational Screen Time Use by Middle Schoolers Aranka Akunyili Karri Rogers ETEC 5440

ETEC 6440 Project

Solving Two Step Equations

I used the Dick and Cary Model to develop an instructional design for Solving Two Step Equations for seventh graders who are getting ready for state testing as part of their seventh-grade requirement in the California Public school system. Click link the below to access the website.

Reflection

As a life-long learner, I approached instructional design with a lot of curiosity and questions to be answered and I was not disappointed. ETEC 5440 class was so far a challenging and mostly satisfying journey. Working on the design project with a team brought its own set of challenges, as opposed to planning lessons on my own as a classroom teacher. As a team we had to learn to work and plan a project using the ADDIE design model, together and going through all its five stages. It was an arduous journey with many challenges, but we learned on the way to take things one step at a time, rely on each other and our individual commitment to the process and supported each other through the learning process which inherently was not always a smooth path.

As a result, I look differently at my colleagues teaching the same subject with me, math, and the process of professional learning we undergo continuously. We follow the instructional design model of improving and fine tuning our instructional material having continuously our learners in mind. I am looking not only at my colleagues through a newfound perspective but also my learners and at my lesson planning, adopting fresh approach knowing that is an ongoing process to be evaluated by me and my learners through the lens of achieving the goals.

References

Kurt, S. "Dick and Carey Instructional Model," in Educational Technology, November 23, 2015.

Piskurich, G.M. (2015). Rapid Instructional Design: Learning ID fast and right. (3rd edition). John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

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