ANATOMY

The scientific study of the different body structure of important animals macroscopically and microscopically is called anatomy. It also includes the different stages of the development of the animals from the fertilization of the ovum up to the birth of the animal. The veterinarian must have this basic knowledge which can be applied in pharmacology, physiology and surgery. The examinee must know the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the animals’ body for its application in microbiology and pathology.

ANATOMY OF THE DOG (35%)

A. Parts and Function of the following:

1. Skeletal and joint system

2. Muscular

3. Digestive

4. Respiratory

5. Blood vessels, nervous and lymphatic systems

6. Sense organs and special organs

7. Autonomic, peripheral and central nervous system classified based on functional components

8. Urogenital system

B. Parts Important in Surgery, Obstetrics, Clinical Examination and Physical Diagnosis of Diseases of the Dog

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. If a dog is stabbed with a sharp object at the middle of the 4th intercostal space and penetrated the lung, which of these tissue layers is spared?

a. Pulmonary pleura

b. Costal parietal pleura

c. Mediastinal parietal pleura

d. Internal intercostal muscle

2. This muscle in the dog in NOT cut when the pelvic limb is amputated at the stifle joint:

a. Superficial digital flexor

b. Long digital extensor

c. Tibialis cranialis

d. Gastrocnemius

3. It is not a feature of the dog’s scapula.

a. Acromion

b. Coracoid process

c. Glenoid cavity

d. Anconeal creast

4. A deep wound involving the distal part of the lateral head of the triceps brachii damages the:

a. Ulnar nerve

b. Axillary nerve

c. Median nerve

d. Radial nerve

5. Which of these statements is anatomically INCORRECT in the dog?

a. The right kidney is more cranial in location than the left kidney.

b. The right adrenal gland is between the caudal vena cava and the caudate lobe of the liver

c. The renal medulla contains primarily renal corpuscles and convoluted portions of the renal tubules

d. The expanded proximal part of the ureter is the renal pelvis.

II. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY (35%)

1. Anatomical Differences

2. Parts for Epidural and Paralumbar Anesthesia

3. Age Determination

4. Breeds and Color

5. Sites for Pulse-taking and various types of injections (subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous)

6. Lymph Nodes important for meat inspection

7. Acupuncture sites

8. Radiographic anatomy

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. In severe fungal infection of the guttural pouch in the horse, there is usually an epistaxis observed in the affected animal. Epistaxis could be due to ruptured:

a. Linguofacial trunk

b. Common carotid artery

c. Internal maxillary vein

d. External carotid artery

2. This is avoided when administering drug below the external ear in the pig:

a. Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node

b. Parotid gland

c. Thymus

d. Parotid lymph node

3. Which of these animals have renal calices?

a. Ox and horse

b. Dog and pig

c. Pig and ox

d. Chicken and duck

4. Aside from the pig, the papillary process of the liver is also missing in the:

a. Dog

b. Carabao

c. Horse

d. Goat

5. Ligating the internal pudendal artery will affect blood supply to the:

a. Large intestine

b. Hind limbs

c. Tail

d. Penis

III. EMBRYOLOGY(15%)

A. The early stages of development of birds and mammals according to:

1. Derivatives

2. Concepts and mechanisms of development

3. Extra-embryonic membranes and placentations

4. Processes of congenital malformations and terratogens

B. Development of the following :

1. Nervous - Central, Peripheral and Autonomic

2. Skeletal and Muscular

3. Cardiovascular

4. Digestive

5. Respiratory

6. Urogenital

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. This malformation is generally caused by viral infections:

a. Cerebellar abiotrophy

b. Hydranencepahly

c. Cerebellar hypoplasia and atrophy

d. Hydrocephalus

2. The number of tissue layers in the fetal part of the placenta is

a. 2

b. 4

c. 3

d. 1

3. Which type of placenta is present in the cow?

a. Zonary

b. Diffuse

c. Cotyledonary

d. Discoid

4. In the early development of the brain, there are three brain vesicles. These are the following EXCEPT:

a. Prosencephalon

b. Rhombencephalon

c. Mesencepahlon

d. Diencephalons

5. This tooth is mostly commonly involved with root abscesses:

a. Upper 1st premolar tooth

b. Upper 4th premolar

c. Lower 4th premolar tooth

d. Lower 1st premolar tooth

IV. HISTOLOGY (15%)

A. Microscopic Anatomy of Domestic Animals

1. Structure

2. Functions

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the Following structures does NOT contain an erectile tissue?

a. Respiratory mucosa

b. Vas deferens

c. Penile urethra

d. Clitoris

2. Which cells secrete rennin?

a. Chief cells

b. Parietal cells

c. Macula densa

d. Juxtaglomerular cells

3. In which layer of the retina do light stimuli set up a series of nerve impulses for transmission to the brain?

a. Layer of rods and cones

b. Optic nerve fiber layer

c. Inner nuclear layer

d. Pigmented cell layer

4. Which neuron has one axon and many dendrites?

a. Unipolar

b. Pseudonipolar

c. Multipolar

d. Bipolar

5. It is during this stage wherein each ell or cell line attains and expresses a stable phenotype.

a. Patterning

b. Cytodifferentiation

c. Morphogenesis

d. Growth

REFERENCES

1. Atlas of Topographical Anatomy of the Domestic Animal by Popesko

2. Duke’s Physiology of Domestic Animals. Swenson, Melvin J. Cornell University Press, 1977, 9th ed.

3. Early Embryology of the Chick. Patten.

4. Embryology of Domestic Animals. 1985. Noden and dela Hunta.

5. Embryology of the Pig. 1971. Patten.

6. Guide to the Dissection of the Ruminants by R.E. Habel

7. Millers Guide to the Dissection of the Dog by Evans and dela Hunta

8. Pig anatomy and Atlas by W.O. Sack

9. Rooney’s Guide to the Dissection of the Horse by W.O. Sack or R.E. Habel

10. Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of the Domestic Animal by Getty.

11. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy by Dyce, Sack and Wensing.

12. Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology by Dyce, Sack and Wensing

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