SIGNAL PHRASE
Signal phrases include the author's name and a present tense verb that characterizes the information. Every sentence should include a signal phrase.
FIRST REFERENCE SIGNAL PHRASE
The first time the source appears in the paper, include the author's full name and the title of the work in a first-reference signal phrase.
WRITER'S CREDENTIALS
If the writer's credentials are significant and relevant to the topic, include them in the first-reference signal phrase.
SUBSEQUENT REFERENCES
Subsequent references should include only the author's last name (never the first) or the appropriate pronoun and a signal phrase verb that characterizes the context of the passage.
SIGNAL PHRASE VERB
Signal phrase verbs are always present tense and should characterize the context of the information presented in the summarized, paraphrased or directly quoted passage.