417 Introduction

418 Anatomy of the Respiratory System

418 Anatomy of the Upper Airway

420 Anatomy of the Lower Airway

423 Physiology of Breathing

424 Ventilation

427 Oxygenation

427 Respiration

428 Pathophysiology of Respiration

429 Factors in the Nervous System

429 Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio and Mismatch

429 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

430 Factors Affecting Respiration

431 Circulatory Compromise

431 Patient Assessment

432 Recognizing Adequate Breathing

432 Recognizing Abnormal Breathing

434 Assessment of Respiration

439 Opening the Airway

440 Head Tilt–Chin Lift Maneuver

441 Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

442 Opening the Mouth

442 Suctioning

443 Suctioning Equipment

444 Techniques of Suctioning

446 Basic Airway Adjuncts

446 Oropharyngeal Airways

449 Nasopharyngeal Airways

449 Maintaining the Airway

451 Supplemental Oxygen

451 Supplemental Oxygen Equipment

455 Procedures for Operating and Administering Oxygen

457 Hazards of Supplemental Oxygen

457 Oxygen-Delivery Equipment

458 Nonrebreathing Masks

458 Nasal Cannulas

459 Partial Rebreathing Masks

459 Venturi Masks

459 Tracheostomy Masks

460 Humidification

460 Assisted and Artificial Ventilation

461 Assisting Ventilation in Respiratory Distress/Failure

461 Artificial Ventilation

469 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

469 Mechanism

470 Indications

470 Contraindications

470 Application

473 Complications

474 Stomas and Tracheostomy Tubes

474 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

475 Recognition

476 Emergency Medical Care for Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

477 Dental Appliances

477 Facial Bleeding

477 Assisting With ALS Airway Procedures

477 Assisting With Placement of Advanced Airways