Activating Prior Knowledge is a pedagogy that teachers utilize often in their classrooms in a variety of ways such as discussing what they already know or having students answer questions about a topic before teaching new material. To activate prior knowledge through a translingual lens, it is beneficial to allow space for students to express what they know in any language. We can support students learning by letting them use all of their linguistic resources to activate prior knowledge and use this as a guide to further their learning (Hamman et. al, 2018).
Brainstorm Activity & Assessment
Group Discussion - This brainstorm activity is one I use at the beginning of every trimester I teach in both Spanish and Italian class. First, we have a whole class discussion on a variety of topics related to the course. The initial discussion is on the 5 C's or foreign language standards (Communication, Culture, Connections, Comparisons, Communities). Students provide examples and have open discussion about what these terms mean in a general sense and how they apply to a language class. I create a list on the board and students copy them down in their notebooks.The second discussion focuses on the language and countries we will be learning about for the trimester. The example shown on the left displays the categories we discuss regarding Italian language and culture. Students are allowed to share out in any language. Oftentimes, in classes there are many students that share out about different foods, cultural traditions, and words they use with their families. For example in my Spanish classes, many of the Latinx students share about the foods their families cook at home, traditions they celebrate (como El Día de Muertos y La Quinceañera) and more. Our school has a large population of hispanic/latino students, so many students make connections with others in the class who share similar cultures.
Individual Assessment - Students are given a brainstorm quiz where all categories that were discussed are listed. Students must provide a number of examples. They are encouraged to think outside of the box if they can't recall a specific example from the board to provide a new example that relates to the category. Students are given the freedom to answer the quiz in any language.
Restorative Circle - Foreign Language
A restorative circle is a structured talking circle that allows people to share their perspectives and build relationships through listening and sharing. This restorative circle on Foreign Language was created by my colleague, Matthew Healey. Matt is the social-emotional learning coach at Deering Middle School. The restorative circle is a group process, where we follow structured guidelines and ask questions to engage with students in a meaningful way. Circles can be conducted with one teacher, however, I have found it beneficial for an additional teacher to guide conversation effectively, especially if those teachers are multilingual. To begin, the teacher explains the purpose and circle guidelines for students to follow. Then, students are given the 'talking piece' and it is passed around the circle. All students are required to answer the check-in and check-out, however they can pass during the 'work of the circle' questions if they choose. To adapt this lesson to use translanguaging, the questions can be displayed on the board in multiple languages and students can be allowed the space to communicate with any language they choose. Through this action, students can be supported to use all of their linguistic resources to engage in the discussion and activate prior knowledge.
References
Hamman, L., Beck, E., & Donaldson, A. (2018, August) A pedagogy of translanguaging. Language Magazine, 36-39.
Hamman-Ortiz, L. & Hesson, S. (2023) 10 Purposes for Pedagogical Translanguaging
Healey, M. (2020). Restorative Circles.