Lesson 2

2−1−14. COORDINATE USE OF AIRSPACE 

a. Ensure that the necessary coordination has been accomplished before you allow an aircraft under your control to enter another controller ’s area of jurisdiction. 

b. Before you issue a control instruction directly to a pilot that will change the aircraft’s heading, route, speed, or altitude, you must ensure that coordination has been completed with all controllers whose area of jurisdiction is affected by those instructions unless otherwise specified by a letter of agreement or facility directive. 

2−1−15. CONTROL TRANSFER 

a. Transfer control of an aircraft in accordance with the following conditions: 

1. At a prescribed or coordinated location, time, fix, or altitude; or, 

2. At the time a radar handoff and frequency change to the receiving controller have been completed and when authorized by a facility directive or letter of agreement which specifies the type and extent of control that is transferred.

b. Transfer control of an aircraft only after eliminating any potential conflict with other aircraft for which you have separation responsibility. 

c. Assume control of an aircraft only after it is in your area of jurisdiction unless specifically coordinated or as specified by letter of agreement or a facility directive. 

2−1−16. SURFACE AREAS 

a. Coordinate with the appropriate nonapproach control tower on an individual aircraft basis before issuing a clearance which would require flight within a surface area for which the tower has responsibility unless otherwise specified in a letter of agreement. 

b. Coordinate with the appropriate control tower for transit authorization when you are providing radar traffic advisory service to an aircraft that will enter another facility’s airspace. 

c. Transfer communications to the appropriate facility, if required, prior to operation within a surface area for which the tower has responsibility. 

NOTE− The pilot is not expected to obtain his/her own authorization through each area when in contact with a radar facility. 

4−8−6. CIRCLING APPROACH 

a. Circling approach instructions may only be given for aircraft landing at airports with operational control towers. 

b. Include in the approach clearance instructions to circle to the runway in use if landing will be made on a runway other than that aligned with the direction of instrument approach. When the direction of the circling maneuver in relation to the airport/runway is required, state the direction (eight cardinal compass points) and specify a left or right base/downwind leg as appropriate. 

PHRASEOLOGY− CIRCLE TO RUNWAY (number), 

or CIRCLE (direction using eight cardinal compass points) OF THE AIRPORT/RUNWAY FOR A LEFT/RIGHT BASE/DOWNWIND TO RUNWAY (number). 

4−8−7. SIDE−STEP MANEUVER 

When authorized by an instrument approach procedure, you may clear an aircraft for an approach to one runway and inform the aircraft that landing will be made on a parallel runway. 

EXAMPLE− “Cleared I−L−S Runway seven left approach. Side-step to runway seven right.” 

5−5−7. PASSING OR DIVERGING 

a. TERMINAL. In accordance with the following criteria, all other approved separation may be discontinued and passing or diverging separation applied when: 

1. Single Site ASR or FUSION Mode 

(a) Aircraft are on opposite/reciprocal courses and you have observed that they have passed each other; or aircraft are on same or crossing courses/assigned radar vectors and one aircraft has crossed the projected course of the other, and the angular difference between their courses/assigned radar vectors is at least 15 degrees. 

(b) The tracks are monitored to ensure that the primary targets, beacon control slashes, FUSION target symbols, or full digital terminal system primary and/or beacon target symbols will not touch. 

3. Although approved separation may be discontinued, the requirements of Paragraph 5−5−4, Minima, subpara g must be applied when wake turbulence separation is required. 

5−9−6. SIMULTANEOUS DEPENDENT APPROACHES

a. Apply the following minimum separation when conducting simultaneous dependent approaches: 

1. Provide a minimum of 1,000 feet vertical or a minimum of 3 miles radar separation between aircraft during turn on. 

2. Provide a minimum of 1 mile radar separation diagonally between successive aircraft on adjacent final approach courses when runway centerlines are at least 2,500 feet but no more than 3,600 feet apart. 

3. Provide a minimum of 1.5 miles radar separation diagonally between successive aircraft on adjacent final approach courses when runway centerlines are more than 3,600 feet but no more than 8,300 feet apart. 

4. Provide a minimum of 2 miles radar separation diagonally between successive aircraft on adjacent final approach courses where runway centerlines are more than 8,300 feet but no more than 9,000 feet apart. 

5. Provide the minimum approved radar separation between aircraft on the same final approach course. 

7−4−4. APPROACHES TO MULTIPLE RUNWAYS

a. All aircraft must be informed that approaches are being conducted to parallel, intersecting, or converging runways. This may be accomplished through use of the ATIS. 

b. When conducting visual approaches to multiple runways ensure the following: 

1. Do not permit the respective aircrafts’ primary radar targets to touch unless visual separation is being applied. 

2. When the aircraft flight paths intersect, ensure approved separation is maintained until visual separation is provided. 

c. In addition to the requirements in Paragraph 7−2−1, Visual Separation, Paragraph 7−4−1, Visual Approach, Paragraph 7−4−2, Vectors for Visual Approach, and Paragraph 7−4−3, Clearance for Visual Approach, the following conditions apply to visual approaches being conducted simultaneously to parallel, intersecting, and converging runways, as appropriate:

1. Parallel runways separated by less than 2,500 feet. Unless approved separation is provided by ATC, an aircraft must report sighting a preceding aircraft making an approach (instrument or visual) to the adjacent parallel runway. When an aircraft reports another aircraft in sight on the adjacent final approach course and visual separation is applied, controllers must advise the succeeding aircraft to maintain visual separation. However, do not permit a super or heavy aircraft to overtake another aircraft. Do not permit a B757 or other large aircraft to overtake a small aircraft. 

2. Parallel runways separated by at least 2,500 feet, but less than 4,300 feet. 

(a) Approved separation is provided until the aircraft are: 

(1) Established on a heading or established on a direct course to a fix or cleared on an RNAV/ instrument approach procedure which will intercept the extended centerline of the runway at an angle not greater than 30 degrees, and, 

(2) Issued an approach clearance and one pilot has acknowledged receipt of a visual approach clearance, and, 

(3) The other pilot has acknowledged receipt of a visual or instrument approach clearance. 

(b) Visual approaches may be conducted to one runway while visual or instrument approaches are conducted simultaneously to other runways, provided the conditions of subpara (a) are met. 

(c) Provided aircraft flight paths do not intersect, and when the provisions of subparas (a) and (b) are met, it is not necessary to apply any other type of separation with aircraft on the adjacent final approach course.

3. Parallel runways separated by 4,300 feet or more. 

(a) When aircraft flight paths do not intersect, visual approaches may be conducted simultaneously, provided approved separation is maintained until one of the aircraft has been issued, and the pilot has acknowledged receipt of, the visual approach clearance. 

(b) Visual approaches may be conducted to one runway while visual or instrument approaches are conducted simultaneously to other runways, provided the conditions of subpara (a) are met. 

(c) Provided the aircraft flight paths do not intersect, when the provisions of subparas (a) and (b) are met, it is not necessary to apply any other type of separation with aircraft on the adjacent final approach course. 

(d) Each aircraft must either be assigned a heading or established on a direct course to a fix or cleared on an RNAV/instrument approach procedure which will allow the aircraft to intercept the extended centerline of the runway at an angle not greater than 30 degrees.

 
4. Intersecting and converging runways. Visual approaches may be conducted simultaneously with visual or instrument approaches to other runways, provided: 

(a) Approved separation is maintained until the aircraft conducting the visual approach has been issued, and the pilot has acknowledged receipt of, the visual approach clearance. 

(b) When aircraft flight paths intersect, approved separation must be maintained until visual separation is provided. 

NOTE− Although simultaneous approaches may be conducted to intersecting runways, staggered approaches may be necessary to meet the airport separation requirements specified in Paragraph 3−10−4, Intersecting Runway/Intersecting Flight Path Separation