5−5−4. MINIMA
Separate aircraft by the following minima:
a. TERMINAL. Single Sensor ASR or Digital Terminal Automation System (DTAS):
1. When less than 40 miles from the antenna− 3 miles.
2. When 40 miles or more from the antenna− 5 miles.
NOTE− Wake turbulence procedures specify increased separation minima required for certain classes of aircraft because of the possible effects of wake turbulence.
4. When transitioning from terminal to en route control, 3 miles increasing to 5 miles or greater, provided:
(a) The aircraft are on diverging routes/ courses, and/or
(b) The leading aircraft is and will remain faster than the following aircraft; and
(c) Separation constantly increasing and the first center controller will establish 5 NM or other appropriate form of separation prior to the aircraft departing the first center
sector; and
(d) The procedure is covered by a letter of agreement between the facilities involved and limited to specified routes and/or sectors/positions.
WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION
g. Separate aircraft operating directly behind or following an aircraft conducting an instrument approach by the minima specified and in accordance with the following:
NOTE− Consider parallel runways less than 2,500 feet apart as a single runway because of the possible effects of wake turbulence.
1. When operating within 2,500 feet of the flight path of the leading aircraft over the surface of the earth and less than 1,000 feet below:
(a) Behind super:
(1) Heavy - 6 miles.
(2) Large - 7 miles.
(3) Small - 8 miles.
(c) Behind heavy:
(1) Heavy - 4 miles.
(2) Large or small - 5 miles.
2. Separate small aircraft behind a B757 by 4 miles when operating within 2,500 feet of the flight path of the leading and/or less than 500 feet below.
h. In addition to subpara g, separate an aircraft landing behind another aircraft on the same runway, or one making a touch-and-go, stop-and-go, or low approach by ensuring the following minima will exist at the time the preceding aircraft is over the landing threshold:
1. Small behind large− 4 miles.
2. Small behind heavy− 6 miles.
2−1−19. WAKE TURBULENCE
b. The separation minima must continue to touchdown for all IFR aircraft not making a visual approach or maintaining visual separation.
2−1−20. WAKE TURBULENCE CAUTIONARY ADVISORIES
a. Issue wake turbulence cautionary advisories including the position, altitude if known, and direction of flight to aircraft operating behind an aircraft that requires wake turbulence separation when:
2. IFR aircraft accept a visual approach or visual separation.
b. Issue cautionary information to any aircraft if in your opinion, wake turbulence may have an adverse effect on it. When traffic is known to be a Super aircraft, include the word Super in the description. When traffic is known to be a Heavy aircraft, include the word Heavy in the description.
PHRASEOLOGY− CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE (traffic information).
5−5−10. ADJACENT AIRSPACE
a. If coordination between the controllers concerned has not been effected, separate radar-controlled aircraft from the boundary of adjacent airspace in which radar separation is also being used by the following minima:
1. When less than 40 miles from the antenna− 1 1/2 miles.
2. When 40 miles or more from the antenna− 2 1/2 miles.
Separation Requirements
NOTE− Apply the provisions of Paragraph 5−5−4, Minima, when wake turbulence separation is required
7−6−1. APPLICATION (Outside B/C/TRSA Airspace)
a. Basic radar services for VFR aircraft must include:
1. Safety alerts.
2. Traffic advisories.
3. Limited radar vectoring when requested by the pilot.
4. Sequencing at locations where procedures have been established for this purpose and/or when covered by a LOA.
7−7−3. SEPARATION (TRSA)
Separate VFR aircraft from VFR/IFR aircraft by any one of the following:
a. Visual separation
b. 500 feet vertical separation.
c. Target resolution.
7−8−3. SEPARATION (Class C)
Separate VFR aircraft from IFR aircraft by any one of the following:
a. Visual separation
b. 500 feet vertical separation;
c. Target resolution.
7−9−4. SEPARATION (Class B)
a. Standard IFR services to IFR aircraft.
b. VFR aircraft must be separated from VFR/IFR aircraft/ helicopter/rotorcraft that weigh more than 19,000 pounds and turbojets by no less than:
1. Visual separation
2. 500 feet vertical separation
3. 1 1/2 miles separation
d. VFR aircraft must be separated from all VFR/IFR aircraft which weigh 19,000 pounds or less by a minimum of:
a. Visual separation
b. 500 feet vertical separation;
c. Target resolution.
5−5−3. TARGET RESOLUTION
a. A process to ensure that correlated radar targets or digitized targets do not touch.
b. Mandatory traffic advisories and safety alerts must be issued when this procedure is used.
2−1−21. TRAFFIC ADVISORIES
Unless an aircraft is operating within Class A airspace or omission is requested by the pilot, issue traffic advisories to all aircraft (IFR or VFR) on your frequency when, in your judgment, their proximity may diminish to less than the applicable separation minima. Where no separation minima applies, such as for VFR aircraft outside of Class B/Class C airspace, or a TRSA, issue traffic advisories to those aircraft on your frequency when in your judgment their proximity warrants it. Provide this service as follows:
a. To radar identified aircraft:
1. Azimuth from aircraft in terms of the 12−hour clock
3. Distance from aircraft in miles.
4. Direction in which traffic is proceeding and/or relative movement of traffic.
NOTE− Relative movement includes closing, converging, parallel same direction, opposite direction, diverging, overtaking, crossing left to right, crossing right to left.
5. If known, type of aircraft and altitude.
PHRASEOLOGY−
TRAFFIC, (number) O’CLOCK,
(number) MILES, (direction)−BOUND and/or (relative movement),
and if known,
(type of aircraft and altitude).
If altitude is unknown,
ALTITUDE UNKNOWN.
8. Inform the pilot of the following when traffic you have issued is not reported in sight:
(a) The traffic is no factor.
(b) The traffic is no longer depicted on radar.
PHRASEOLOGY− TRAFFIC NO FACTOR/NO LONGER OBSERVED
c. For aircraft displaying Mode C, not radar identified, issue indicated altitude.
PHRASEOLOGY− ALTITUDE INDICATES (altitude)
EXAMPLES OF TRAFFIC ADVISORIES:
"AAL1161 traffic 12 o' clock, two miles, southbound 737 at 7,000"
"N123AB traffic 3 o' clock, 5 miles, southeast bound, altitude indicates 3,500"
"ENY4224 traffic 10 o' clock, 5 miles, northbound 737 descending through 8,300"
2−1−6. SAFETY ALERT
Issue a safety alert to an aircraft if you are aware the aircraft is in a position/altitude that, in your judgment, places it in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft. Once the pilot informs you action is being taken to resolve the situation, you may discontinue the issuance of further alerts. Do not assume that because someone else has responsibility for the aircraft that the unsafe situation has been observed and the safety alert issued; inform the appropriate controller.
a. Terrain/Obstruction Alert. Immediately issue/ initiate an alert to an aircraft if you are aware the aircraft is at an altitude that, in your judgment, places it in unsafe proximity to terrain and/or obstructions. Issue the alert as follows:
PHRASEOLOGY−
LOW ALTITUDE ALERT (call sign),
CHECK YOUR ALTITUDE IMMEDIATELY.
and, if the aircraft is not yet on final approach,
THE (as appropriate) MEA/MVA/MOCA/MIA IN YOUR AREA IS (altitude),
b. Aircraft Conflict/Mode C Intruder Alert. Immediately issue/initiate an alert to an aircraft if you are aware of another aircraft at an altitude that you believe places them in unsafe proximity. If feasible, offer the pilot an alternate course of action. When an alternate course of action is given, end the transmission with the word “immediately.”
PHRASEOLOGY−
TRAFFIC ALERT (call sign) (position of aircraft)
ADVISE YOU TURN LEFT/RIGHT (heading), and/or CLIMB/DESCEND (specific altitude if appropriate) IMMEDIATELY.
EXAMPLES OF SAFETY ALERTS:
"Traffic Alert, AAL1161, 12'o clock, 2miles, advise you climb and maintain 8,000"
“Traffic Alert, Cessna Three Four Juliet, 12’o clock, 1 mile advise you turn left immediately.”
“Low Altitude alert, N123AB check your altitude immediately, the MVA in your area is 2,500"
5−1−8. MERGING TARGET PROCEDURES
a. Except while they are established in a holding pattern, apply merging target procedures to all radar identified:
1. Aircraft at 10,000 feet and above.
2. Turbojet aircraft regardless of altitude.
b. Issue traffic information to those aircraft listed in subpara a whose targets appear likely to merge unless the aircraft are separated by more than the appropriate vertical separation minima.
Merging Target Procedures
Safety Alerts
5−5−5. VERTICAL APPLICATION
Aircraft not laterally separated, may be vertically separated by one of the following methods:
a. Assign altitudes to aircraft, provided valid Mode C altitude information is monitored and the applicable separation minima is maintained at all times.
b. Assign an altitude to an aircraft after the aircraft previously at that altitude has been issued a climb/descent clearance and is observed (valid Mode C), or reports leaving the altitude.
7−2−1. VISUAL SEPARATION
Visual separation may be applied when other approved separation is assured before and after the application of visual separation. Weather conditions must allow the aircraft to remain within sight until other separation exists. Visual separation is not authorized when the lead aircraft is a super.
a. TERMINAL. Visual separation may be applied between aircraft up to but not including FL180 under the following conditions:
2. Pilot-applied visual separation.
(a) Maintain communication with at least one of the aircraft involved and ensure there is an ability to communicate with the other aircraft.
(b) The pilot sees another aircraft and is instructed to maintain visual separation from the aircraft as follows:
(1) Tell the pilot about the other aircraft. Include position, direction, type, and, unless it is obvious, the other aircraft’s intention.
(2) Obtain acknowledgment from the pilot that the other aircraft is in sight.
(3) Instruct the pilot to maintain visual separation from that aircraft.
PHRASEOLOGY−
(ACID), TRAFFIC, (clock position and distance), (direction) BOUND, (type of aircraft), (intentions and other relevant information).
If required,
(ACID), REPORT TRAFFIC IN SIGHT or DO YOU HAVE IT IN SIGHT?
If the pilot reports traffic in sight, or the answer is in the affirmative,
(ACID), MAINTAIN VISUAL SEPARATION
Vertical Separation