ZTA (1o2)

ZT Knowledge -- Program level -- AV-1:

• Design & Deploy (7): A layered defense and ZTA strategy, including but not limited to (1) Cyber network defense; (2) Boundary protection; (3) Continuous monitoring (4) audit; (5) Insider threat; (6) Vulnerability management capabilities (i.e., malware detection; eDiscovery; threat intelligence; etc.)  (7) Use the DOD ZT Reference Architecture and NIS 800-53 series guidance.

• Principle-Types (AV-1): 

  1. ZT Key Principles -- "Never trust, Always verify."

     • Kid definition: "Having a goldfish mind" (only 10 seconds of memory) ~ Elena-James (12yo).

  2. ZTA Principles -- (1) Verification; (2) Least privilege access, and (3) Assumption of breach.

Why is this my company's problem, Doesn't Azure do all this?

• Azure provides a strong foundation, but your organization (example HHS) needs zero trust to build upon it and achieve the specific security posture required for their data and applications

• Azure does a great job securing the underlying infrastructure, but there's a shared responsibility model when it comes to cloud security. 

Here's why your organization still needs to manage zero trust within Azure:

1. Security Layers: Imagine Azure as a high-security apartment building. Azure secures the building itself (walls, roof, etc.), but tenants (HHS) are responsible for securing their own apartments (data, applications, access controls). Zero trust helps HHS implement additional security measures within their "Azure apartment."

2. Granular Access Control: While Azure provides baseline security, HHS likely has specific needs for data access within its environment. Zero trust allows HHS to set up granular access controls, ensuring only authorized users can access specific data with the least privileges necessary.

3. Compliance Requirements:  HHS might have to adhere to specific regulations or compliance standards that require stricter security controls than Azure's baseline offering. Zero trust helps HHS build a security posture that meets these additional requirements.

DISA & DOD.

• DISA & DOD have not yet completed their Zero Trust implementation. The aim is to have a baseline "Zero Trust Strategy" implemented by fiscal year 2027.

DISA & DOD activities and initiatives so far to protect the DoDIN!

1. Thunderdome: This $6.8 million project developed a prototype Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) for the DoD Information Network (DoDIN). In July 2023, DISA awarded a production deal to Booz Allen Hamilton to continue expanding and implementing the prototype across the DoD.

2. Comply-to-Connect (C2C) Framework: This framework standardizes network access controls for the DoDIN. It requires devices to meet security standards (RMF, Controls) before connecting to the network, which is a foundational step for Zero Trust. C2C deployment is scheduled to be completed by March 2024.

3. DoD Zero Trust Reference Architecture (ZT-RA): This document outlines the principles and key components of a ZTA for the DoD using DODAF. It serves as a roadmap for individual agencies within the DoD, including DISA, to implement their own ZT Strategies. 

   • Read more: https://sites.google.com/view/kmcp-zerotrust/auths 

4. Seeking implementation tools: In May 2023, DISA issued a request for information (RFI) seeking software tools to support the implementation of an enterprise Zero Trust framework for the DoDIN. This suggests they are actively looking for solutions to streamline and accelerate the implementation process.

5. Leveraging existing programs: DISA is also likely leveraging existing cybersecurity programs and best practices in its Zero Trust implementation. This includes their work on continuous monitoring, identity management, and network segmentation.

Zero Trust Resource Center!

1. Microsoft Tools for ZT: Shows Microsoft cloud services that support the 5 Pillars of the CISA ZTMM.

   • Microsoft cloud services for the CISA ZTMM.

   • Microsoft cloud services for the DoD Zero Trust Strategy.

2. NumberLine Security: Provides an overview of the CISA ZTMM  and a Free interactive spreadsheet for modeling your organization’s ZT maturity.

3. Pomerium: Zero Trust Tool Matrix for each Pillar and Maturity Level.

4. ZeroTrustRoadmap.org: The site will explain 7 components and the reference architecture (explanations and tools) of each component, and Phases.

Security Architecture & Engineering (SAE) Lifecycle.

• BLUF: The SAE lifecycle (a Blueprint or Strategy) is a structured approach to designing, developing, and implementing security solutions within an organization. 

• Analogy: SAE is the house (Blueprint/Strategy), ZT is a room design (to Impl) in the house, and PQC is the type of locks (tools to be used) for the doors.

• Core Phases in a SAE Lifecycle (5+4)

  1. Define the Scope: Clearly outline the system, application, or network boundaries to be secured.

  2. Identify Security Domains: Categorize assets and systems into logical groups based on security requirements and dependencies.

  3. Assess Risk: Evaluate potential threats and vulnerabilities to identify and prioritize risks.

  4. Define Security Requirements: Specify the security controls, policies, and standards needed to mitigate identified risks.

  5. Create Security Architecture: Design the overall security framework, including components, interactions, and relationships.

  6. Additional (4)

     • Security Design: Translate security requirements into detailed designs for security components.

     • Security Implementation: Deploy and configure security solutions based on the design.

     • Security Testing and Validation: Verify that security controls function as intended and meet requirements.

     • Security Operations and Maintenance: Manage, monitor, and update security solutions over time.

SAE Core Phases are (In Detail: Highlighted): (1,2o5)

(1o5) -- Define the Scope. 

• 6. • BLUF: Before diving into specific security domains and Azure tools, it's crucial to define the scope of your security architecture specifications. Consider the following:

• Initial Scope to Define: (4)

  1. Organization size and complexity: The number of employees, the nature of business operations, and the sensitivity of data will influence the complexity of your security architecture.

  2. Industry regulations: Compliance requirements (e.g., HIPAA, PCI DSS, GDPR) will dictate specific security controls and tools.

  3. Threat landscape: identify potential threats and vulnerabilities to tailor your security measures accordingly.

  4. Existing security infrastructure: Assess your current security environment to determine integration points and potential gaps.

(2o5) -- Identify Security Domains -- (2o5). 

• BLUF: (1) Security Domains represent the logical divisions of your organization's IT infrastructure and data based on security requirements. They help you categorize assets and identify potential threats. (2) Security Domains are like defining the rooms and their purposes (e.g., bedroom, living room, kitchen)

• Security Domains are (BLUF): (5)

  1. Identity and Access Management (IAM): MS Entra ID (aka Azure AD) Conditional Access, Azure AD PIM (Privileged Identity Management), Azure MFA.

  2. Data Security: Azure Information Protection, Azure Key Vault, Azure Storage Service Encryption, Azure Backup.

  3. Network Security: Azure Firewall, Azure NSGs (Network Security Group), Azure VNet, Azure Application Gateway.

  4. Threat Protection: Azure Security Center, Azure Sentinel (SIEM), Azure ATP (Advanced Threat Protection).

  5. Application Security: Azure Application Gateway, Azure Security Center. 

• Security Domains are (In Detail): (5)

  1. Identity and Access Management (IAM).

     • Goals: (1) Authentication and authorization (2) Identity governance (3) Privileged access management

     • Azure Tools: (1) Azure Entra ID (aka Azure AD): Core identity and access management service. (2) Azure AD Conditional Access: Enforces access policies based on conditions (e.g., location, device, user risk). (3) Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM): Manages privileged access and roles. (4) Azure Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Adds an extra layer of security to user authentication.

     • Objectives: (1) Define authentication and authorization mechanisms (e.g., single sign-on, multi-factor authentication). (2) Establish identity governance processes (e.g., user provisioning, de-provisioning, access reviews). (3) Implement privileged access management controls (e.g., just-in-time access, role-based access control).

  2. Data Security.

     • Goals: (1) Data classification and protection. (2) Data loss prevention. (DLP) (3) Encryption (4) Data backup and recovery.

     • Azure Tools: (1) Azure Information Protection (AIP): Classifies, labels, and protects sensitive information. (2) Azure Key Vault: Stores and manages cryptographic keys. (3) Azure Storage Service Encryption (SSE): Encrypts data at rest in Azure Storage. (4) Azure Backup: Provides backup and recovery services for various Azure resources.

     • Objectives: (1) Implement data classification and labeling policies. (2) Define data protection measures (e.g., encryption, access controls). (3) Establish data loss prevention strategies. (4) Implement data backup and recovery procedures.

  3. Network Security.

     • Goals: (1) Network segmentation. (2) Firewall and intrusion prevention systems. (3) Virtual private networks (VPNs). (4) Network traffic monitoring.

     • Azure Tools: (1) Azure Firewall: Manages network traffic between Azure resources and the internet. (2) Azure Network Security Groups (NSGs): Filter network traffic to and from Azure resources. (3) Azure Virtual Network (VNet): Provides isolation and segmentation for virtual networks. (4) Azure Application Gateway: Provides web application firewall (WAF) capabilities.

     • Objectives: (1) Define network segmentation requirements. (2) Implement firewall and intrusion prevention measures. (3) Establish VPN connectivity for remote access. (4) Configure network traffic monitoring and analysis.

  4. Threat Protection.

     • Goals: (1) Threat detection and response. (2) Security information and event management (SIEM). (3) Incident response.

     • Azure Tools: (1) Azure Security Center: Provides centralized security management and threat protection. (2) Azure Sentinel: Cloud-native SIEM and security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR). (3) Azure Advanced Threat Protection (ATP): Protects against advanced threats.

     • Objectives: (1) Implement threat detection and response capabilities. (2) Establish incident response procedures. (3) Integrate with a SIEM solution for centralized log management and analysis.

  5. Application Security.

     • Goals: (1) Secure development lifecycle (SDLC). (2) Vulnerability management. (3) Web application firewall (WAF).

     • Azure Tools: (1) Azure Application Gateway: Provides WAF capabilities. (2) Azure Security Center: Offers vulnerability assessment and management.

     • Objectives: (1) Enforce secure coding practices and security testing. (2) Implement vulnerability management processes. (3) Deploy web application firewalls to protect web applications.

(>>) Additional Considerations. (4)

• 5. • 1. • Compliance requirements: Ensure your security architecture aligns with applicable regulations and standards.

          • Risk assessment: Conduct regular risk assessments to identify and prioritize threats.

          • Security monitoring and auditing: Implement continuous monitoring and auditing to detect and respond to security incidents.

          • Security awareness training: Educate employees about security best practices.

Cont...

SAE Core Phases are (In Detail: Highlighted): (3,4o5)

(3o5) -- Assess Risk (Risk Assessment).

• BLUF: Assess Risk is a critical phase in the Security Architecture and Engineering (SAE) lifecycle. It involves identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and their potential impact on the organization. By understanding these risks, organizations can prioritize mitigation strategies and allocate resources effectively 

• Azure Tools:

  1. Azure Security Center: Provides centralized security management and advanced threat protection across hybrid environments. It includes vulnerability assessments, threat detection, and security recommendations.

  2. Azure Sentinel (SIEM): A cloud-native SIEM and security information event management (SIEM) solution that collects, analyzes, and correlates security data across the enterprise.

  3. Azure Policy: Enables organizational standards and compliance management across resources. It can be used to assess compliance with security standards and identify potential risks.

  4. Azure Monitor: Offers comprehensive monitoring and logging capabilities for Azure resources. It can be used to collect data for risk assessment and threat detection.

  5. Azure Key Vault: A managed service for storing and accessing cryptographic keys. It helps protect sensitive information and reduce the risk of unauthorized access.

• Goals & Objectives: 

  1. Identify Assets:

     • Inventory all IT assets, including hardware, software, data, and networks.

     • Categorize assets based on criticality and sensitivity.

  2. Threat Identification:

     • Identify potential threats to the organization, such as cyberattacks, natural disasters, and human error.

     • Classify threats based on likelihood and impact.

  3. Vulnerability Assessment:

     • Identify vulnerabilities in systems, applications, and networks.

     • Prioritize vulnerabilities based on exploitability and impact.

  4. Risk Analysis:

     • Combine threat and vulnerability information to assess potential risks.

     • Calculate risk levels using appropriate risk assessment methodologies (e.g., qualitative, quantitative).

     • Prioritize risks based on their potential impact and likelihood.

  5. Risk Mitigation:

     • Develop risk mitigation strategies for high-priority risks.

     • Consider security controls, policies, and procedures to address the identified risks.

  6. Documentation:

     • Document the risk assessment process, findings, and mitigation plans.

     • Maintain up-to-date risk registers.

(>>) Additional Considerations.

• Regulatory Compliance: Assess compliance with relevant industry standards and regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS).

• Third-Party Risk Management: Evaluate risks associated with third-party vendors and suppliers.

• Continuous Monitoring: Implement ongoing risk monitoring and reassessment to adapt to changing threats and vulnerabilities.

(4o5) -- Security Requirements.

• BLUF: To define the precise security controls needed to mitigate those risks. This phase involves translating abstract security goals into concrete, measurable requirements that can be implemented through technical solutions.

• Azure Tools: (4)

  1. Azure Security Center: Provides security recommendations based on best practices and identified vulnerabilities. These recommendations can be used as a starting point for security requirements.

  2. Azure Policy: Allows you to define and enforce organizational standards and compliance requirements. It can be used to translate high-level policies into technical controls.

  3. Azure Blueprints: Enable the definition and deployment of repeatable sets of Azure resources that adhere to organizational standards. This can be used to enforce security requirements consistently across environments.

  4. Azure Sentinel (SIEM): While primarily a SIEM tool, it can help identify security gaps through incident investigations and threat detection. These findings can inform security requirements.

• Goals & Objectives: (5)

  1. Defining security controls: 

     • Specify the technical, administrative, and physical safeguards necessary to protect assets.

  2. Prioritizing requirements: 

     • Rank security requirements based on their importance and alignment with business objectives.

  3. Identifying dependencies: 

     • Understand how security requirements interact with other system requirements.

  4. Ensuring compliance: 

     • Align security requirements with relevant industry standards and regulations.

  5. Providing clear specifications: 

     • Create detailed and unambiguous descriptions of security controls for implementation.

SAE Core Phases (In Detail: Highlighted): (3,4o5)

(5o5) -- Security Architecture (A Step-by-Step Guide)

• BLUF: (1) A security architecture is a blueprint of an organization's security posture. It outlines the security controls, technologies, and processes to protect assets and mitigate risks. (2) The blueprint showing how to secure the house (e.g., locks, alarms, firewalls). 

• Disclaimer: Creating a comprehensive security architecture is a complex task that requires in-depth knowledge of the organization's specific needs, industry regulations, and threat landscape (see Scope). This response provides a general framework and guidance. It's essential to consult with security experts to tailor the architecture to your specific requirements.

• Steps to Create a Security Architecture: (10)

  1. Identify Assets and Threats

     • Asset Inventory: Create a comprehensive list of physical and digital assets, including hardware, software, data, and personnel.

     • Threat Assessment: Identify potential threats, both internal and external, that could compromise assets. Consider threats like cyberattacks, natural disasters, and human error.

  2. Risk Assessment

     • Risk Identification: Evaluate the potential impact of identified threats on assets.

     • Risk Analysis: Determine the likelihood of threats occurring and the potential consequences.

     • Risk Prioritization: Rank risks based on their severity and likelihood.

  3. Define Security Objectives

     • Alignment with Business Goals: Ensure security objectives support overall business objectives.

     • Compliance Requirements: Consider industry regulations and legal mandates.

     • Security Goals: Establish clear security goals, such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

  4. Design Security Controls (aka RMF A&A Process)

     • Control Selection: Choose appropriate security controls based on identified risks and objectives.

     • Control Implementation: Determine how controls will be implemented, including technology, processes, and personnel.

     • Control Integration: Ensure controls work together effectively.

  5. Document the Architecture

     • Security Architecture Framework: Use a standardized framework (e.g., NIST Cybersecurity Framework, ISO 27001) to structure the architecture.

     • Visual Representations (Artifacts/Models): Create diagrams and flowcharts to illustrate the architecture.

     • Documentation: Develop detailed documentation for implementation and maintenance.

  6. Implementation and Testing

     • Control Deployment: Implement selected security controls. aka "Contractor Shall Statements."

     • Testing: Conduct thorough testing to verify the effectiveness of controls.

     • Continuous Monitoring: Establish ongoing monitoring and evaluation processes.

  7. Cloud Security: If using cloud services, incorporate cloud-specific security controls and best practices.

  8. Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA-ZTMM): Consider adopting a zero-trust security model for enhanced protection.

     • In addition to PQC, Crypto-Agility, and AI+Quantum (A+Q) 

  9. Incident Response Plan: Develop a comprehensive incident response plan.

  10. Security Awareness Training: Implement ongoing security awareness training for employees.

• Example Security Architecture Diagram (see OV-1). -- BLUF: Basic security architecture diagram, including components like users, networks, servers, data, and security controls

• Questions to Ask to Build a Security Architecture. 

  1. Industry and size?

  2. IT infrastructure (on-premises, cloud, hybrid)?

  3. Existing security measures?

  4. Specific security concerns or compliance requirements?

(C)

• CDM (Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation): A program designed by the U.S. federal government to enhance cybersecurity across government networks. It aims to provide real-time visibility into computer networks, software, and hardware assets, identify vulnerabilities, and prioritize remediation actions. -- Azure Tools in CDM (4): 

  1. Real-Time Visibility (4): (1) Azure Monitor: Collects and analyzes data from diverse sources, including VMs, containers, network appliances, and applications. It offers dashboards and customizable visualizations for real-time monitoring of performance, resource utilization, and application health. (2) Log Analytics: Part of Azure Monitor, it collects and analyzes log data from various sources, providing insights into events, resource changes, and security threats. Its real-time log streaming allows you to quickly identify and address issues. (3) Azure Sentinel: This security information and event management (SIEM) solution provides real-time insights into potential security threats across your IT infrastructure, including networks, applications, and identities. It correlates events from various sources to detect and respond to cyberattacks in real time. (4) Traffic Analytics (Preview): This new service analyzes Network Security Group (NSG) flow logs to offer network traffic visibility across your cloud networks. It provides real-time insights into traffic flows, application usage, and interrelationships between services, helping you optimize performance and security.

  2. Vulnerability Identification (3): (1) Azure Security Center: This central security solution offers vulnerability assessments for your Azure resources, including VMs, containers, and databases. It identifies potential security weaknesses and prioritizes remediation efforts based on risk level. (2) Azure Defender for Cloud: This comprehensive security solution includes vulnerability scanning capabilities for VMs, containers, and Kubernetes clusters. It identifies vulnerabilities, prioritizes them based on severity and exploitability, and recommends remediation steps. (3) Azure Defender for Azure SQL: This managed security service specifically protects your Azure SQL databases by performing vulnerability assessments and identifying potential security issues.

  3. Prioritizing Remediation Actions (3): (1) Azure Security Center: With its prioritized vulnerability list and recommendations, it helps you focus on the most critical issues first. (2) Azure Advisor: This service analyzes your Azure resources and provides recommendations for improved security, performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. You can filter these recommendations based on their impact and the effort required for remediation. (3) Log Analytics: By analyzing security-related logs and events, you can identify high-priority threats and incidents requiring immediate attention.

  4. Additional considerations (2+Ext): (1) Azure Monitor for VMs: Offers real-time performance monitoring and diagnostics for specific virtual machines. (2) Azure Resource Manager: Provides an overview of your entire Azure environment, including resource health and configuration changes. (Ext) Integration with third-party tools: Azure integrates with various security and IT management tools, expanding your visibility and vulnerability identification capabilities.

(E)

• Encryption (aka Hashing) -- Scrambles data, but proves its authenticity (Validates info). A one-way function where data is mapped to a fixed-length value. -- BLUF --  (1) Ensures data is unreadable to anyone who does not have the encryption key. (2) The process of converting info or data into a scrambled code (Encrypted text), to prevent unauthorized access of sensitive info. -- How2 Apply Encryption to Cloud Data (5) -- (1) Choose an encryption algorithm (ex. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), and Twofish). (2) Generate encryption keys (These keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data). (3) Encrypt data (Encryption keys will encrypt data. A variety of tools can do this, such as encryption libraries or encryption software. (4) Store encrypted data (Once data is encrypted, it must be stored securely. This can be done by storing the encrypted data in a secure cloud storage system, ex Azure, AWS, etc.). (5) Decrypt data to gain access (Decrypted using the encryption keys. This can be done using the same tools used to encrypt the data.)

(H)

• Hashing (aka Encryption) -- Scrambles data, but proves its authenticity (Validates info). A one-way function where data is mapped to a fixed-length value. -- BLUF --  (1) Ensures data is unreadable to anyone who does not have the encryption key. (2) The process of converting info or data into a scrambled code (Encrypted text), to prevent unauthorized access of sensitive info. -- How2 Apply Encryption to Cloud Data (5) -- (1) Choose an encryption algorithm (ex. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), and Twofish). (2) Generate encryption keys (These keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data). (3) Encrypt data (Encryption keys will encrypt data. A variety of tools can do this, such as encryption libraries or encryption software. (4) Store encrypted data (Once data is encrypted, it must be stored securely. This can be done by storing the encrypted data in a secure cloud storage system, ex Azure, AWS, etc.). (5) Decrypt data to gain access (Decrypted using the encryption keys. This can be done using the same tools used to encrypt the data.)

• HWBOM: Hardware Bill of Materials (HWBOM) is a document that lists all the components and parts required to build a hardware device. It provides detailed information about each component, including part numbers, quantities, manufacturers, and other relevant specifications. -- DODAF (2) -- (1) Physical Data Model (PDM): A representation of the physical storage and structure of data within a system or database. It describes how data is physically stored, organized, and accessed at a detailed level. (2) Physical Resource Model (PRM): This represents the physical resources required to support a system. This includes hardware, software, network infrastructure, equipment, facilities, and other physical resources necessary for the functioning of the system. 

(M)

• Microsoft: Embrace proactive security with Zero Trust. 

  1. Microsoft's ZT Principles (3): (1) Verify explicitly: Always authenticate and authorize based on all available data points, including user identity, location, device health, service or workload, data classification, and anomalies. (2) Use least-privilege access: Limit user access with just-in-time and just-enough access (JIT/JEA), risk-based adaptive policies, and data protection to help secure both data and productivity. (3) Assume breach: Minimize blast radius and segment access. Verify end-to-end encryption and use analytics to get visibility, drive threat detection, and improve defenses.

  2. OV-1: Defense Layers in (4 Layers) -- (Area-1) Identities: Azure AD; EndPoints: MS Defender for EndPoint, MS Intune. (Area-2) Policy Optimization; ZT Policy; Threat Protection (Area-3)  Network: Azure Firewall, Azure DDoS, Azure Defender, Azure Sentinal. (Area-4)  Data; Apps; Infrastructure: Azure Security Center, Azure Sentinal, Azure Purview (Process Map)

  3. Microsoft "Defense-in-Dept" Layers (6 Layers) : (1) Identity (2) EndPoint (3) Applications (4) Networks (5) Infrastructure (6) Data.

  4. Implementing ZTA: Video (47:53)

(N)

• NSA (National Security Agency): Embracing a Zero Trust Security Model. -- Principles [Pg.3]; ZT Maturity [Pg.5]; 

(O)

• OAuth: Done in MS Entra ID (aka Azure AD). -- [Assessment & Authorization]. Like SAML. Open industry standard for authorization delegation (process) to have limited access to other websites & apps. Ex. Azure PIM (Privileged Identity Mgmt) -- BLUF: A delegation to Control Rights in ADDS -- Tasks -- Reset Pwr; Create/Manage/Delete User Accts-Groups-Computer Accts; MFA). -- PROVIDES -- TOTP tokens (Time-based One Time Password SHA-1).

• OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection) --- – (1) Phy, (2) Data, (3) Network, (4) Transport, (5) Session, (6) Presentation (7) Application

  1. TCP/IP -- (1&2)=Ethernet; (3)=IP; (4)=TCP/UDP; (7)=HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, PROFNET

(P)

• Ports: [Network]

  1. Port 80 -- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) -- Used for -- Non-secure web browsing.

  2. Port 443 -- HTTPS (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) -- Used for -- Secure web browsing.

  3. Port 21 -- FTP (File Transfer Protocol) -- Used for -- Transferring files between computers.

  4. Port 22 -- SSH (Secure Shell) -- Used for -- Secure remote access to a computer.

  5. Port 23 --- Telnet -- Used for -- Remote access to a computer.

  6. Port 25 -- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) -- Used for -- Sending emails.

  7. Port 53 -- DNS (Domain Name System) -- Used for -- Translating domain names into IP addresses

  8. Port 110 -- POP3 (Post Office Protocol) -- Used for -- Receiving emails.

  9. Port 143 -- IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) -- Used for -- Managing emails.

  10. Port 3389 --- Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to a Machine. Dev by Microsoft. -- Used for -- Graphical interface to a remote computer, allowing users to access applications, files, & other network resources.

(S)

• SWBOM (Software Bill of Materials) A detailed inventory of all the software components used in a software application or system. It includes information about libraries, frameworks, open-source components, licenses, versions, and dependencies. -- DODAF -- SV-8 System Interface Description. The SV-8 document provides a detailed breakdown of the software interfaces and components utilized within the system, including the types and versions of software being employed. It assists in ensuring interoperability and compatibility among various software components and aids in managing software assets.

(Z)

• ZT: Zero Trust is a security framework that assumes no inherent trust in any user, device, or network. It focuses on verifying and validating every access request and transaction before granting access, regardless of whether it originates from within or outside the network perimeter.

• ZT (Microsoft) Model: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/zero-trust?ocid=eml_pg442534_gdc_comm_mw&mkt_tok=MTU3LUdRRS0zODIAAAGUVXcH0vkb5n4CSZG36eDIXL6j3ahkY9xkvns6LSQn7deIAC4XY2FT7eRJo8u0Tup14eol5p2t4Hk9oGX0Pw3TBlPZIIDV1A0tKQpaMVkXVAuzVyh6q5rMUHA 

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA): Moving beyond traditional perimeter security, ZTNA grants access based on least privilege and continuous validation rather than static network controls.

ZTA & ZTE (Zero Trust Edge) Implementation (FIRST STEPS). Consider factors like: (5)

1. (FIRST) -- We need to ask ourselves some initial questions to formulate our plan-roadmap-strategy. 

   • WE WANT -- (1) Layered Security Architecture (2) Security In-Depth

2. ID your existing infrastructure: Do we have existing security solutions we want to integrate with? Can they integrate? Are the solutions agile to change? 

3. ID your security requirements: What level of security do we need for our data and applications, initially and to the end-state, not forgetting continuous service improvement (CSI)?

4. ID your budget: How much are you willing to spend on ZTA &/or ZT Edge tools?

5. ID your organization's size and complexity: ID solutions that can scale to meet changing needs. Solutions that are Agile enough to pivot? Complex: Mechanisms in place to auto-generate to change per adversity

6. Formulate a Project or Program Plan: Use the below 18-Point Plan:

   • (1) Est. an Executive Committee (Leadership Team (Set IT Priorities/Guidance) -- (2) Strategy Plan (VMGO); (3) Communication-Distribution Plan (How are WAR, Sprints, Reports, Logs/Tracking, Thoughts being Transmitted/Collaborated); (4) Financial Mgmt (Budget, Cost); (5) Stakeholders Engagement (Identify); (6) Process: Methodology(ies) (Est. a standard-common baseline, NIST, CISA, DODAF, ITIL, CMMI, KM, etc); (7) Req Mgmt: Est. & Gather Shared Vision-Req. Insights / Assessments / Needs / CSFs-KPIs. categories, analysis, synthesize. ; (8) Compliance w/ regulatory bodies-standards (EO 14028). (9) ID Deliverables (on Both Sides); (10) People / Personnel: (R&R); (11) Visibility of the Process: Est. a Roadmap/Project Plan/POAM-Timeframe (Weekly Tasks>Goals>Milestones); (12) Sustainability Mgmt: Have a Clear Defined M&M/Audit Criteria (Quantitative & Qualitative); (13) Technology: Identify content repository & tools (docs / records mgmt / SharePoint); (14) CCRM: Process/CAB/CM/OCM. Minimize disruption, Have a Response Plan (Backup/Roll-Back) In place; (15) Risk: ID Risk Mgmt, Constraints, Bottlenecks, and Intel Gaps/Funding Gaps, Have "Control Plans" &/or "Response Plans" in place to meet SLA, SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Oppts, Threats).; (16) Accountability: Id Tasks, WBS and M&C Actions and who is Accountable/Responsible ; (17) Reporting / Tracking / Logging: WAR/Sprints; (18) Continual Service Improvement (CSI). Via Lessons Learn, KB, KB Articles, and Insights.

ZTA: A Gradual Adoption -- A "General" Phase Approach.

• BLUF: ZTA is "Never Trust, Always Varify." ZTA is not a one-time event but a continuous service improvement (CSI) process (a journey, not a destination. The focus is to make incremental improvements and adapt their strategies (VMGO) as needed to ensure ongoing security and resilience. While there's no strict "Roadmap" for complete implementation, many organizations are adopting a phased approach to minimize disruption and maximize service value. 

• Key factors to consider & may influence ZTA include: (4)

  1. • Organization size and complexity

     • Existing security infrastructure

     • Budget and resources

     • Regulatory requirements

• General Phases (ITIL: CCRM): (4 Phases) -- (est: Sept 11, 2024)

  1. Phase 1: Assessment and Planning.

     • Evaluate current security posture: Identify vulnerabilities and gaps in existing security infrastructure.  [Ref]

     • Develop a ZTA Strategy: Define the vision, mission, goals, objectives (VMGO), and a roadmap for implementation. [Ref] -- See "ZTA Strategy" in this Hub.

     • Identify critical assets (HVA's-High Value Assets): Prioritize resources to protect first. [Ref]

  2. Phase 2: Pilot Implementation (aka Testing to validate).

     • Select a pilot project: Choose a specific use case or application to test ZTA principles.

     • Implement core components: Deploy necessary technologies like identity and access management (IAM), microsegmentation, and network access control (NAC). [Ref]

     • Monitor and refine: Gather feedback and make adjustments as needed.

  3. Phase 3: Gradual Rollout.

     • Expand ZTA coverage: Extend ZTA principles to other critical assets (HVA) and applications.

     • Integrate with existing systems: Ensure compatibility with legacy infrastructure.

     • Provide training and support: Educate employees on ZTA best practices.

  4. Phase 4: Continuous Service Improvement (CSI).

     • Monitor and adapt: Keep track of emerging threats and adjust ZTA strategies accordingly. [Ref]

     • Mature/Update technologies: Stay current with the latest ZTA solutions and advancements via NIST and CISA, etc.

     • Measure effectiveness: Evaluate the impact of ZTA on security posture and business outcomes.

• ZTA: Common Azure Actions & Other.

  1. Zero Trust relies on techniques like micro-segmentation, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and least privilege access to secure the network.

  2. Microsoft Defender for Cloud: This tool helps identify and secure AI infrastructure, such as plugins, SDKs, and other AI technologies, across platforms like MS Azure OpenAI Service, Azure ML, and Amazon Bedrock. 

     • Focus: To secure and govern AI applications and their data. It includes capabilities such as AI security posture management, threat protection, data security, and governance. 

  3. Zero Trust Architecture: This approach ensures that every identity is verified with strong authentication, and access is granted based on organizational policies and real-time risk assessments. -- NIST, CISA

  4. Microsoft Security Copilot: This generative AI solution combines massive data advantages and end-to-end security, built on Zero Trust principles, to provide a unified experience for security analysts  

  5. Identity and Access Management (IAM):

     • MS Entra ID (aka Azure Active Directory): -- Actions

       1. Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all users.

       2. Use conditional access policies to enforce access controls based on user, location, and device.

       3. Regularly review and update access permissions.

       4. Enable MS Entra ID (aka Azure AD) Identity Protection to detect and respond to suspicious activity.

     • MS Entra ID Privileged Identity Management (PIM): -- Actions

       1. Implement just-in-time (JIT) access to privileged roles.

       2. Require approval for role assignments.

       3. Monitor privileged activity.

  6. Network Security:

     • Azure Virtual Network (VNet): -- Actions

       1. Segment networks using subnets and network security groups (NSGs).

       2. Implement microsegmentation to restrict traffic flow between workloads.

       3. Use Azure Firewall for centralized network security.

     • Azure Application Gateway: -- Actions

       1. Offload SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) termination to reduce the attack surface. -- BLUF: A cryptographic protocol that ensures secure communication over a computer network (web server and a client). 

       2. Implement Azure Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to protect applications.

  7. Data Protection:

     • Azure Information Protection: -- Actions

       1. Classify and protect sensitive data using labels and policies.

       2. Implement data loss prevention (DLP) to prevent unauthorized data exfiltration.

     • Azure Key Vault: -- Actions

       1. Store and manage cryptographic keys and secrets securely.

       2. Use Azure Key Vault to protect data at rest (DAR).

     • Azure Backup: -- Actions

       1. Regularly back up data to ensure recoverability in case of a breach.

       2. Implement disaster recovery plans to minimize downtime in the event of an attack.

       3. Azure Backup types are: (1) Azure Backup Vault: Centralized for VMs, databases, and files. (2) Azure Backup Server (ABS); (3) Azure Backup for Azure SQL Database; (4) Azure Backup for Azure Files;  . . .

Remember: ZTA is a continuous process that requires ongoing monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation. Regularly review your ZTA strategy and make adjustments as needed to address emerging threats and best practices. 

Zero Trust is a security framework that shifts the traditional "trust your network" mindset to a "never trust, always verify" approach. It requires continuous Authentication and Authorization (A&A) for every access request, regardless of user identity or location. 

ZTA Strategy:: Implementation Steps with Goals & Objectives (9). Must align with the Pillars (5) and Levels (4).

• CISA Zero Trust Maturity Model (ZTMM): (5 Pillers)

Implement ZTA (Goals & Objectives via Bard): (9)

1. Assess your current security posture: Identify your critical assets, data, and applications.

   • Objective: Inventory your resources, identify critical assets, and evaluate existing security controls. 

2. Develop a Zero Trust strategy: Define your goals, priorities, and timeline for implementing Zero Trust.

   • Objective: Define your goals, priorities, and timeline for implementing Zero Trust principles. 

3. Start with identity: Secure your identities with strong MFA, centralized IAM, and identity lifecycle management.

   • Objective: Implement Azure AD with strong MFA and Conditional Access policies. 

4. Secure your endpoints: Deploy endpoint protection platforms (EPP) and endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools to protect devices from malware and other threats.

   • Objective: Deploy Azure Endpoint Manager for security configuration and threat detection on devices accessing Azure resources. 

5. Segment your network: Implement microsegmentation to restrict access to resources and prevent lateral movement.

   • Objective: Utilize Azure Network Security Groups (NSGs)  to create micro-perimeters and restrict access to resources based on security boundaries. 

6. Protect your applications: Apply access controls and vulnerability management to your applications.

   • Objective: Use Azure Application Gateway for web application security and implement RBAC for granular access control to applications. 

7. Encrypt your data: Use encryption for data at rest and in transit.

   • Objective: Leverage Azure Key Vault for key management and Azure Disk Encryption & Azure SQL Database Encryption for data at rest protection. 

8. Monitor and analyze: Continuously monitor your systems for threats and security incidents.

   • Objective: Set up Azure Monitor & Azure Log Analytics for centralized logging and Azure Sentinel (SIEM-SecInfoEventMgmt) for security information and event management. 

9. Automate and adapt: Automate security tasks and policies to improve efficiency and adapt to evolving threats.

   • Objective: Automate security tasks with Azure Security Center automation and continuously adapt your security posture based on threat intelligence and incident response.

Benefits of ZTA: (4)

• Improved security: ZTA makes it more difficult for attackers to gain access to sensitive data and systems.

• Reduced risk of data breaches: By limiting access and segmenting the network, ZTA can contain the damage of a breach.

• Increased compliance: ZTA can help your organization comply with data privacy regulations.

• Improved user experience: ZTA can simplify access to resources for authorized users.

Authoritative Sources:

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-207: Zero Trust Architecture

• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Zero Trust Maturity Model.

• Cloud Security Alliance's (CSA) Zero Trust Adoption Framework.

Implement ZTA ("Roadmap") w/ Integrated Threat Protection (ITP) -- Based on NIST or CISA

• ZTA (OV-1 Above): Click here, slide 16.

• ZT Security In-Depth: (6) Identity (5) Endpoints (4) Applications (3) Network (2) Infrastructure (1) Data

• ZTA Roadmap/Strategy (based on NIST & CISA) w/ Integrated Threat Protection (ITP): (10)

  1. Define the scope, goals, and objectives:

     • Clearly define the scope of the ZTA implementation (within the organization).

     • Identify the implementation's specific goals and objectives (3 or 5), such as enhancing data security, protecting critical systems, and reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

  2. Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment:

     • Perform a thorough risk assessment to identify potential vulnerabilities, threats, and risks specific to the environment.

     • Assess the potential impact of security breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive data and systems.

  3. Establish a Zero Trust Policy Framework:

     • "Never Trust, Always Verify." Develop a comprehensive Zero Trust policy framework that outlines the principles, guidelines, and requirements for implementing Zero Trust across HHS.

     • Foundational elements of ZTA (3): Define the principles of (1) Least privilege, (2) Micro-segmentation (a network security technique to logically divide a data center into separate security segments at the workload level. This allows for the definition of security controls and services for each segment, as well as the restriction of access to each segment), and (3) Continuous monitoring.

  4. Implement Environmental Isolation (aka Isolated Environments):

     • Identify critical systems, sensitive data, and high-value assets (HVA) within the environment.

     • Implement environmental isolation by segmenting the network into smaller, isolated environments or zones based on the sensitivity and criticality of the resources.

     • Utilize network segmentation technologies, such as virtual LANs (VLANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), Network Securityk Groups (NSGs): NSGs act as firewalls attached to individual VNets or subnets within a VNet, or software-defined networking (SDN), or to create isolated environments. -- Also: Azure Bastion: Secure remote access. it provides a managed service for securely accessing VMs deployed in private subnets within a VNet. It eliminates the need for public IPs on your VMs, improving security. -- Other Considerations (3): (1) Subnet Strategy: Divide your VNet into subnets based on functionality (e.g., separate subnets for web servers and databases).(2) Outbound connectivity: You might need to configure outbound traffic rules for specific resources to access the internet or other Azure services. (3) Advanced Isolation: For stricter isolation at the physical server level, consider Azure Dedicated Hosts.

     • Reference: Plan for network isolation and Create a virtual network.

  5. Implement Strong Authentication and Access Controls:

     • Enforce strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA, Least Privilege Access), for all users accessing HHS resources. -- Azure Tools Used: MS Entra ID (aka Azure AD).

     • Implement granular access controls based on the principle of least privilege, ensuring that users and systems only have access to the resources they need to perform their specific tasks.

  6. Implement Continuous Monitoring and Threat Detection:

     • Deploy robust monitoring and logging solutions to collect and analyze security events and logs from all HHS resources.

     • Utilize security information and event management (SIEM) systems and intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) to detect and respond to potential security incidents in real time.

     • Azure Tools Used:

       1. Azure Sentinel: Azure's SIEM service that collects security data from various Azure resources, on-premises networks, and even third-party security solutions. It centralizes log data, analyzes it for threats, and provides insights and alerts for potential security incidents.

       2. Azure Security Center: Does vulnerability scanning, threat detection, and web application firewall capabilities. It can also integrate with third-party IDS/IPS solutions deployed on your Azure virtual machines.

  7. Implement Data Protection Measures, like Integrated Threat Protection (ITP):

     • Encrypt sensitive "Data at Rest" and "Data in Transit" using industry-standard encryption algorithms and protocols.

       1. Data at Rest (3): (1) Azure Storage Service Encryption (SSE): Automatically encrypts your data at rest in Azure Blob storage and Azure Files. You can choose between service-managed encryption keys or manage your own keys with Azure Key Vault for additional control. (2) Azure Disk Encryption: Encrypts the operating system and data disks of your Azure VMs for Windows and Linux. You can choose between using Microsoft-managed keys or your own keys with Azure Key Vault. (3) Azure SQL Database Always Encrypted: Allows you to encrypt sensitive data columns within your SQL database at rest, even within the database itself.

       2. Data in Transit (3): (1) HTTPS: Azure enforces HTTPS by default for all communication between Azure services and the internet. This ensures data in transit is encrypted between you and Azure. (2) Azure Virtual Network (VNet): Create a VNet to isolate your Azure resources in a private network. Traffic within the VNet can be further secured using technologies like Azure Firewall. (3) Point-to-Point Encryption (VPN): Create a VPN tunnel to encrypt data in transit between your on-premises network and Azure resources.

     • Implement data loss prevention (DLP) solutions to monitor and prevent unauthorized data exfiltration. -- Azure Tools (2): (1) MS Purview Data Loss Prevention (DLP):  Integrates with Azure and other M365 services to monitor and prevent unauthorized data exfiltration. (2) Azure Information Protection (AIP) can work in conjunction with it for additional data security measures.

     • Integrated Threat Protection (ITD): -- BLUF: A cybersecurity strategy that combines multiple security tools and processes into a unified system

       1. Benefits/Value (2): (1) Stronger Defenses (3): (1-1) Unified security systems of tools coordinated and integrated (1-2) A central view of your entire security landscape. (1-3) Proactive defense using AI and automation to analyze massive amounts of data and identify potential threats before they strike. (2) Enhanced Efficiency: (2-1) Less Complexity: Juggling multiple security tools can be a headache. ITP simplifies security operations by streamlining processes and reducing the number of consoles you need to monitor. (2-2) Faster Threat Detection: ITP solutions can combine data from different sources to identify threats much quicker than separate tools. This means attackers have less time to do damage.

       2. Azure Tools for ITP (5): -- BLUF: Microsoft offers a toolbox of security tools that can work together for a comprehensive ITP approach. (1) MS Defender for Cloud: Safeguards your cloud resources from threats and misconfigurations. (2) MS Defender for Endpoint: Offers antivirus, antimalware, and endpoint detection and response (EDR) capabilities for your devices. (3) Azure Sentinel: Security information and event management (SIEM) tool that collects data from across your IT infrastructure and helps you identify security incidents. (4) MS Entra ID (aka Azure AD): Manages user access and identity and can be integrated with other security tools to enforce multi-factor authentication and other security policies. (5) MS Defender for Cloud Apps: Protects your cloud applications from threats like malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches.

  8. Establish Incident Response and Recovery Procedures:

     • Develop and document incident response and recovery procedures to ensure a swift and effective response to security incidents.

     • Conduct regular incident response drills and exercises to test the effectiveness of the procedures and identify areas for improvement.

  9. Provide User Education and Awareness:

     • Conduct regular training and awareness programs to educate HHS employees and stakeholders about the principles and practices of Zero Trust Architecture.

     • Promote a culture of security awareness and vigilance among all users to mitigate the risk of social engineering attacks and unauthorized access attempts.

  10. Regularly Assess and Update the Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA):

      • Continuously assess the effectiveness of the Zero Trust Architecture implementation through regular security assessments, security audits (using a "Maturity Assessment Plan" checklist Excel worksheet), penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning.

      • Stay informed about emerging threats, vulnerabilities, and best practices in Zero Trust Architecture and update the implementation accordingly.

• References:

  1. NIST Special Publication 800-207: Zero Trust Architecture: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-207.pdf 

  2. CISA Zero Trust Architecture: An Introduction: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/20_0910_cisa_insight_zero_trust_architecture_508.pdf 

Correlate this roadmap to the above (in a Phrase Approach):

• Building a complete ZTA roadmap requires specific information about your organization's unique needs and environment. However, the above 10-Steps are broken down into 3-Phases:

Phase 1: Assess and Plan. (4)

1. Define your objectives: What are your business goals for implementing ZTA? Is it data protection, access control, or compliance?

2. Evaluate your current environment: Conduct a security assessment to identify vulnerabilities, assets, and user access patterns.

3. Prioritize use cases: Start small by focusing on critical applications, data, or high-risk users. Don't try to tackle everything at once.

4. Assess resources: Evaluate your budget, personnel, and technical capabilities for implementing ZTA.

Phase 2: Design and Implement. (5)

1. Establish identity and access management (IAM): Implement strong multi-factor authentication (MFA) and role-based access control (RBAC).

2. Enable device security: Enforce endpoint security policies and manage device posture before granting access.

3. Implement network segmentation: Divide your network into micro-segments based on trust levels and restrict lateral movement.

4. Deploy continuous monitoring: Monitor user activity, network traffic, and system events for suspicious behavior.

5. Integrate tools and technologies: Consider security solutions like single sign-on (SSO), identity governance, and endpoint management to support ZTA principles.

Phase 3: Refine and Optimize. (3)

1. Continuously assess and adapt: Regularly review your ZTA implementation and adjust based on new threats, vulnerabilities, and business needs.

2. Automate processes: Automate access controls, policy enforcement, and security monitoring for efficiency and effectiveness.

3. Educate and train users: Ensure your users understand the ZTA principles and their role in securing the environment.

Resources Again:

• NIST Special Publication 800-207: Zero Trust Architecture: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-207.pdf

• CISA Zero Trust Architecture: An Introduction: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/20_0910_cisa_insight_zero_trust_architecture_508.pdf

• Additional Resources:

  1. 1. Zero Trust Roadmap Project: https://zerotrustroadmap.org/

     2. NCCoE - Implementing a Zero Trust Architecture: https://www.nccoe.nist.gov/projects/implementing-zero-trust-architecture

Implement a ZTA, based on "DoD Enterprise DevSecOps Initiative Reference Design v2.0" Document.

• Outlined in the "DoD Enterprise DevSecOps Initiative Reference Design 2.0" document by Mr. Nic Chaillan, the Chief Software Officer, of USAF. The document provides a comprehensive guide to implementing ZTA in the DoD and includes specific Azure tools and services. The document is not publicly available.

• DoD ZT v2.0 (July 2022).

Steps to Implement ZTA (based on the above document via AskSage): (10)

1. Identify and classify assets: Identify and classify all assets within your organization, including devices, applications, data, and users. Azure Information Protection can assist with data classification and labeling.

2. Establish strong identities: Implement strong identity and access management practices. Azure AD provides robust identity management capabilities, including multi-factor authentication (MFA), Azure Conditional Access to define policies, and identity protection features.

3. Implement device security: Ensure that devices accessing your network meet security requirements. Azure AD can be integrated with Microsoft Endpoint Manager (formerly Intune) to enforce device compliance policies, manage updates, and protect against threats.

4. Enable secure access: Implement secure access controls and policies. Azure AD Conditional Access allows you to define policies based on user, device, location, and other factors to control access to resources.

5. Implement network segmentation: Use network segmentation to create micro-segmented environments and limit lateral movement. Azure Virtual Network (VNet) and Azure Firewall can be used to create network segments and enforce network security policies.

6. Implement data protection: Apply data-centric security measures to protect sensitive data. Azure Information Protection can be used to classify, label, and protect data at the file and email level. Azure Data Protection services, such as Azure Key Vault and Azure Confidential Computing, can provide additional data protection capabilities.

7. Monitor and detect threats: Implement continuous monitoring and threat detection mechanisms. Azure Sentinel, a cloud-native SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) solution, can help detect and respond to security incidents.

8. Implement least privilege access: Apply the principle of least privilege to grant access only when necessary. Azure AD and Azure Privileged Identity Management (PIM) allow one to manage and control privileged access to resources.

9. Enable encryption: Implement encryption for "Data-In-Transit" and "Data-at-Rest." Azure provides various encryption options, such as Azure Storage Service Encryption, Azure Disk Encryption, and Azure VPN Gateway. encryption.

10. Regularly update and patch: Keep all systems, applications, and devices up to date with the latest security patches. Azure Security Center can help monitor and manage the security posture of your Azure resources.

Reference:

• DoD Enterprise DevSecOps Initiative Reference Design 2.0 (Not publicly available)

• Learn with Nic series: What is Zero Trust? - https://www.youtube.com/embed/BVgEqfyCAHk 

ZT -- The Authoritative Sources in a ZT Strategy.

• BLUF. The list of Zero Trust AuthS are initial frameworks using to build a ZT Strategy..

• AuthS / Frameworks: (4+2)

  1. OMB M-22-09 (Memorandum M-22-09) -- Must comply:

     • BLUF: Issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). -- This is the mandate. It's non-negotiable for federal agencies. It sets the requirement for Zero Trust adoption  -- It strongly encourages agencies to follow NIST SP 800-207 for Zero Trust implementation. 

  2. CISA ZTMM (Zero Trust Maturity Model) v2.0 -- Should use:

     • BLUF: Developed by CISA -- This helps agencies assess their current Zero Trust maturity and develop a roadmap for improvement. It's a guide for phasing in implementation.

  3. TIC 3.0 (Trusted Internet Connections 3.0) --  Should follow:

     • BLUF: Developed by the CISA within the Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) -- This focuses specifically on securing internet and cloud connections, which is a critical aspect of Zero Trust. It provides guidance on how to secure those connections.

  4. NIST CSF (National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework) -- Should use:

     • BLUF: Developed by NIST -- This provides a high-level cybersecurity framework for managing and reducing cybersecurity risk. It is used to help structure the cybersecurity program and thus the zero trust implementation.

  5. NIST SP 800-207 (Zero Trust Architecture) --  Should follow:

     • BLUF: Developed by NIST -- This provides the architectural blueprint for implementing Zero Trust. Agencies should follow its principles.

  6. NIST SP 800-53 (Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations) -- Must implement relevant controls:

     • BLUF: Developed by NIST. -- This offers a catalog of security controls. Agencies select and implement controls relevant to their risk profile and Zero Trust architecture.

ZTA Implementation Strategy -- Based on OMB M-22-09 (Est: Jan 26, 2022).

• BLUF. (1) OMB M-22-09 provides a framework for federal agencies to adopt/implement a Zero Trust (ZT) approach to cybersecurity. (2) By following this comprehensive strategy, federal agencies can effectively implement a Zero Trust Architecture that enhances their cybersecurity posture and protects sensitive information.

• Key principles include: (1) Continuous verification: Verify every access request, regardless of the origin. (2) Least privilege: Grant only the minimum necessary access to perform a task. (3) Assume breach: Operate under the assumption that any device or user could be compromised. (4) Micro-segmentation: Divide networks into smaller segments to limit the impact of a breach.

• Key Considerations: (1) Compliance with federal regulations: Ensure ZTA implementation aligns with relevant regulations, such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and FISMA. (2) Interoperability: Consider interoperability with existing systems and technologies. (3) Budget and resource allocation: Allocate sufficient resources for ZTA implementation and ongoing maintenance. (4) Training and education: Provide comprehensive training to staff on ZTA principles and best practices.

• ZTA Strategy (G&O). (6)  -- Date: Jan 26, 2022.

  1. Assess Current Security Posture:

     • Conduct a thorough security assessment to identify existing vulnerabilities and gaps.

     • Evaluate compliance with existing security frameworks and regulations.

  2. Define Goals and Objectives:

     • Clearly articulate the desired outcomes of implementing ZTA, such as improved security posture, reduced risk, and enhanced compliance.

     • Set measurable goals and KPIs to track progress.

  3. Develop a Roadmap:

     • Create a phased approach to ZTA implementation, considering the complexity of your organization's IT infrastructure and the resources available.

     • Prioritize initiatives based on risk and potential benefits.

  4. Identify and Address Challenges:

     • Anticipate potential challenges, such as cultural resistance, technical limitations, and budgetary constraints.

     • Develop strategies to overcome these challenges.

  5. Implement ZTA Principles: (4 w/ Shall Statements)

     • Continuous verification:

       1. Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all user access.

       2. Use network access control (NAC) to enforce device compliance.

       3. Deploy zero-trust network access (ZTNA) solutions.

     • Least privilege:

       1. Regularly review and adjust user permissions.

       2. Implement role-based access control (RBAC).

       3. Use micro-segmentation to limit lateral movement.

     • Assume breach:

       1. Adopt a defense-in-depth approach with multiple layers of security controls.

       2. Implement intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS).

       3. Conduct regular security awareness training.

     • Micro-segmentation:

       1. Divide networks into smaller segments based on function or sensitivity.

       2. Use network segmentation technologies like software-defined networking (SDN).

  6. Monitor and Evaluate:

     • Continuously monitor ZTA implementation progress and effectiveness.

     • Use security analytics and threat intelligence to identify emerging threats.

     • Regularly evaluate compliance with ZTA principles and industry standards.

Zero Trust involves a shift in security philosophy, embracing principles that require specific policies and standards to enforce its approach. Here's an overview of relevant policies and standards, along with authoritative sources:

Policies: (5)

1. Least Privilege Access: This policy dictates granting users and applications only the minimum access necessary for their specific tasks. User authorization controls ensure they can only access permitted resources.

2. Continuous Authentication and Authorization (A&A): Policies mandate ongoing verification of user identity and device posture, not just during initial login. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) and conditional access controls are examples.

3. Microsegmentation: Network segmentation policies define how the network is divided into small, isolated zones, limiting the scope of potential breaches. These policies dictate rules for traffic flow between segments.

4. Data Protection: Data security policies address data classification, encryption at rest and in transit, DLP (data loss prevention), and access controls specific to sensitive data.

5. Device Security: Endpoint security policies govern device management, patching, configuration, and access to corporate resources from personal devices. These policies may also involve mandatory antivirus/antimalware and EDR (endpoint detection and response) solutions.

ZTA AuthS: (4)

1. NIST SP 800-207: This National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication defines the Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) principles and guides on implementing a ZTA approach. It's a fundamental source for understanding ZTA and building security policies.

2. CISA Zero Trust Maturity Model: The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) provides this model to assess an organization's progress toward adopting ZTA. It defines six levels of maturity and outlines key capabilities for each level, guiding organizations in their ZTA journey.

3. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Zero Trust Adoption Framework: This framework offers practical guidance for implementing ZTA in cloud environments. It breaks down ZTA into actionable steps and provides recommendations for selecting tools and technologies.

4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001: This international standard focuses on information security management systems (ISMS) and outlines best practices for managing security risks. While not specific to ZTA, it provides a solid foundation for security controls relevant to the ZTA approach.

Initial Overview (5):

1. Start small: Begin with a pilot project to test and refine your Zero Trust approach before broader implementation.

2. Prioritize high-value assets: Focus on protecting the most critical assets first.

3. Get buy-in from stakeholders: Ensure leadership and key stakeholders understand and support the ZT strategy.

4. Use automation and orchestration: Leverage tools to automate tasks and simplify management.

5. Partner with experienced vendors: Seek guidance from security vendors with expertise in Zero Trust solutions.

Implement ZT Program (5):

1. Define Your High-Value Assets & Conduct Surface Protection per Pillars (see ZTMM):

• Identify critical assets: Pinpoint the most valuable data, applications, and systems that need robust protection.

• Classify assets: Categorize assets based on their sensitivity and business impact.

• Prioritize protection: Focus on the most critical assets to start, then expand coverage over time.

2. Implement Security Controls Around Network Traffic:

• Segment your network: Divide your network into smaller, isolated segments to reduce the attack surface and limit lateral movement.

• Enforce strict access controls: Implement granular policies to control who can access what resources, based on user identity, device health, and other factors.

• Monitor network traffic: Continuously monitor network activity for anomalies and potential threats.

3. Architect a Zero Trust Network Access (aka ZTNA):

• Define trust zones: Establish clear boundaries between different trust levels within your network architecture.

• Implement Microsegmentation: Divide your network into smaller segments based on specific access needs and risk profiles. ~ Note: Access Controls by  -- VPN, MFA, Device approved systems, and Single Sign On (SSO).

• Enable secure access: Deploy technologies like software-defined perimeters (SDPs) or Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) to create secure connections without relying on traditional VPNs.

4. Create a Zero Trust Policy:

• Establish clear rules: Define who can access what resources, under what conditions, and using which devices.

• Implement least privilege access: Grant users and devices only the minimum permissions necessary to perform their tasks.

• Enforce continuous Authentication and Authorization (A&A): Verify identity and access rights throughout each session, not just at login.

5. Monitor and Maintain/CSI:

• Continuously monitor: Actively monitor network activity, user behavior, and device health to detect anomalies and potential breaches.

• Review and update policies: Regularly review and update ("Mature") your Zero Trust policies to adapt to changing threat landscapes and business needs. Use a "Maturity Assessment Plan."

• Educate and train users: Raise awareness about Zero Trust principles and best practices among employees.

Remember: Zero Trust is a journey, not a destination. It requires continuous evaluation, adaptation, and improvement to maintain an effective defense against evolving threats.

CISA's ZT Maturity Model (ZTMM): Implementing Zero Trust (ZT) is a process, not a one-time event.

• BLUF: 

  1. CISA's ZTMM v2: https://www.cisa.gov/zero-trust-maturity-model 

  2. Zero Trust Technical Reference Architecture: https://www.cisa.gov/zero-trust-maturity-model

  3. OMB M-22-09: Federal ZT Strategy (Moving the U.S. Government Toward Zero Trust Cybersecurity Principles)

     • Shows each Pillar with "Vision" statement and "Action" (aka "Objective") statements: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/M-22-09.pdf)

• Purpose: (3)

  1. Assists agencies in developing zero-trust strategies and implementation plans.

  2. Offers a roadmap for transitioning towards a zero-trust architecture.

  3. Presents ways CISA services can support zero-trust solutions across agencies.

Pillars (5); Maturity Levels (4); Functions; and Cross-Cutting Capabilities (3):

• Pillars (5): (1) Identity (2) Devices (3) Networks (4) Applications & Workloads, and (5) Data. 

• Maturity Levels (Below each Piller) (4): (1) Optimal (2) Advanced (3) Initial (4) Traditional. [Pg.9, Figure 3]. -- Also -- See OMB's M-22-09: Federal ZT Strategy, showing each pillar with a "Vision" statement and an "Action" (aka "Objectives") statement (link: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/M-22-09.pdf).

  1. Pillar-1 -- Identity -- (Maturity Levels below):

     1. Optimal: -- High-Level (3): (1) Continuous validation and risk analysis; (2) Enterprise-wide identity integration; (3) Tailored, as-needed automated access. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): (1) Authentication: Agency continuously validates identity with phishing-resistant MFA, not just when access is initially granted. (2) Identity Stores: Agency securely integrates their identity stores across all partners and environments as appropriate. (3) Risk Assessments: Agency determines identity risk in real-time based on continuous analysis and dynamic rules to deliver ongoing protection. (4) Access Management (New Function): Agency uses automation to authorize just-in-time and just-enough access tailored to individual actions and individual resource needs. (5) Visibility and Analytics Capability (6) Automation and Orchestration Capability (7) Governance Capability. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.13-15]. 

     2. Advanced: -- High-Level (4): (1) Phishing-resistant MFA; (2) Consolidation and secure integration of identity stores; (3) Automated identity risk assessments; (4) Needed/session-based access. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): (1) Authentication: Agency begins to authenticate all identity using phishing-resistant MFA and attributes, including initial implementation of passwordless MFA via FIDO222 or PIV. (2) Identity Stores: Agency begins to securely consolidate and integrate some self-managed and hosted identity stores. (3) Risk Assessments: Agency determines identity risk with some automated analysis and dynamic rules to inform access decisions and response activities. (4) Access Management (New Function): Agency authorizes need-based and session-based access, including for privileged access request, that is tailored to actions and resources. (5) Visibility and Analytics Capability (6) Automation and Orchestration Capability (7) Governance Capability.  ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.13-15]. 

     3. Initial: -- High-Level (4): (1) MFA with passwords; (2) Self-managed and hosted identity stores; (3) Manual identity risk assessments; (4) Access expires with automated review. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.13-15]. 

     4. Traditional: -- High-Level (4): (1) Password or MFA; (2) On-premises identity stores; (3) Limited identity risk assessments; (4) Permanent access with periodic review. 

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.13-15]. 

  2. Pillar-2 -- Devices -- (Maturity Levels below):

     1. Optimal: -- High-Level (2): (1) Continuous physical and virtual asset analysis including automated supply chain risk management and integrated threat protections (2) Resource access depends on real-time device risk analytics. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): (1) Policy Enforcement & Compliance Monitoring (New Function). (2) Asset & Supply Chain Risk Management (New Function). (3) Resource Access (formally Data Access). (4) Device Threat Protection (New Function). (5) Visibility and Analytics Capability. (6) Automation and Orchestration Capability. (7)  Governance Capability. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.17-19]. 

     2. Advanced: -- High-Level (3): (1) MOst physical and virtual assets are tracked (2) Enforced compliance implemented with integrated threat protection (3) Initial resource access depends on device posture. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.17-19]. 

     3. Initial: -- High-Level (3): (1) All physical assets tracked (2) Limited device-based access control and compliance (3) Some protections delivered via automation. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.17-19]. 

     4. Traditional: -- High-Level (4): (1) Manually tracking device inventory (2) Limited compliance visibility (3) No device criteria for resource access (4) Manual deployment of threat protections to some devices. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]. 

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.17-19]. 

  3. Pillar-3 -- Networks -- (Maturity Levels below):

     1. Optimal: -- High-Level (3): (1) Distributed micro-perimeters with just-in-time and just enough access controls and proportionate resilience. (2) Configurations evolve to meet application profile needs. (3) Integrates best practices for cryptographic agility.  ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): (1) Network Segmentation.  (2) Network Traffic Management (New Function). (3) Traffic Encryption (Formerly Encryption). (4) Network Resilience (New Function). (5) Visibility and Analytics Capability. (6) Automation and Orchestration Capability. (7) Governance Capability. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.20-22]. 

     2. Advanced: -- High-Level (3): (1) Expanded isolation and resilience mechanisms. (2) Configurations adapt based on automated risk-aware application profile assessments. (3) Encrpts applicable network traffic and manages insurance and rotation of keys.  ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.20-22].

     3. Initial: -- High-Level (4): (1) Initial isolation of critical workloads. (2) Network capabilities manage availability demands for more applications. (3) Dynamic configurations for some portions of the network. (4) Encrpt more traffic and formulate key management policies. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.20-22].

     4. Traditional: -- High-Level (3): (1) Large perimeters/macro-segmentation. (2) Limited resilience and manually managed rulesets and configurations. (3) Minimal traffic encryption with ad hoc key management. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (7): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.20-22].

  4. Pillar-4 -- Applications and Workloads -- (Maturity Levels below):

     1. Optimal: -- High-Level (3): (1) Applications available over public networks with continuously authorized access. (2) Protections against sophisticated attacks in all workflows. (3) Immutable workloads with security testing integrated throughout the lifecycle. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): (1) Application Access (Formerly Access Authorization). (2) Application Threat Protections (Formerly Threat Protections). (3) Accessible Applications (Formerly Accessibility). (4) Secure Application Development and Deployment Workflow (New Function). (5) Application Security Testing (Formerly Application Security). (6) Visibility and Analytics Capability. (7) Automation and Orchestration Capability. (8) Governance Capability. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.23-25]. 

     2. Advanced: -- High-Level (3): (1) Most mission-critical applications available over public networks to authorized users. (2)  Protections integrated into all applications workflows with context-based access controls. (3) Coordinated teams for development, security, and operations. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.23-25].

     3. Initial: -- High-Level (3): (1) Some mission-critical workflows have integrated protections and are accessible over public networks to authorized users. (2) Formal code deployment mechanisms through CI/CD pipelines. (3) Static and dynamic security testing before deployment. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.23-25].

     4. Traditional: -- High-Level (3): (1) Mission-critical applications accessible via public networks. (2) Protections have minimal workflow integration. (3) Ad hoc development, testing, and production environments. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.23-25].

  5. Pillar-5 -- Data -- (Maturity Levels below):

     1. Optimal: -- High-Level (6): (1) Continuous data inventorying. (2) Automated data categorization and labeling enterprise-wide. (3) Optimized data availability. (4)  DLP exfill blocking. (5) Dynamic access controls (6) Encrypts data in use. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): (1) Data Inventory Management. (2) Data Categorization (New Function). (3) Data Availability (New Function). (4) Data Access. (5) Data Encryption. (6) Visibility and Analytics Capability. (7) Automation and Orchestration Capability. (8) Governance Capability. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.26-28]. 

     2. Advanced: -- High-Level (6): (1) Automated data inventory with tracking (2) Consistant, tiered, targeting categorization and labeling (3) Redundant, highly available data stores (4) Static DLP (5) Automated context-based access (6) Encrypts data at rest. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.26-28].

     3. Initial:  -- High-Level (5): (1) Limited automation to inventory data and control access. (2) Begin to implement a strategy for data categorization. (3) Some highly available data stores. (4) Encrypts data in transit. (5) Initial centralized key management policy. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.26-28].

     4. Traditional: -- High-Level (4): (1) Manually inventory and categorize data. (2) On-Prem data stores. (3) Static access controls. (4) Minimal encryption of data at rest and in transit with ad hoc key management. ~ Note: Taken from High-Level ZTMM Overview image [Pg.10]

        • -- Functions (8): Same above with different definitions. ~ Note: Each function's definition can be found in CISA's ZTMM [Pg.26-28].

  6. 3 Cross-Cutting Capabilities (3) -- w/ Maturity-Levels: [Pg.9, Figure 3]; [Pg.29: AV-2]

     1. Visibility and Analytics: (1) BLUF: Supports comprehensive visibility that informs policy decisions and facilitates response activities [Pg.29]. (2) Visibility refers to the observable artifacts that result from the characteristics of and events within enterprise-wide environments.11 The focus on cyber-related data analysis can help inform policy decisions, facilitate response activities, and build a risk profile to develop proactive security measures before an incident occurs. [Pg.11].  

        • Optimal: The agency maintains comprehensive visibility enterprise-wide via centralized dynamic monitoring and advanced analysis of logs and events. [Pg.29].

        • Advanced: The Agency expands the automated collection of logs and events enterprise-wide (including virtual environments) for centralized analysis that correlates across multiple sources. [Pg.29].

        • Initial: The agency begins to automate the collection and analysis of logs and events for mission-critical functions and regularly assesses processes for gaps in visibility. [Pg.29].

        • Traditional: The agency manually collects limited logs across their enterprise with low fidelity and minimal analysis. [Pg.29].

     2. Automation and Orchestration: (1) BLUF: Leverage these insights to support robust and streamlined operations to handle security incidents and respond to events as they arise. [Pg.29]. (2) Zero Trust fully uses automated tools and workflows that support security response functions across products and services while maintaining oversight, security, and interaction of the development process for such functions, products, and services. [Pg.11]

        • Optimal: The agency orchestration and response activities dynamically respond to enterprise-wide requirements and environmental changes. [Pg.29].

        • Advanced: The agency automates orchestration and response activities enterprise-wide, leveraging contextual information from multiple sources to inform decisions. [Pg.29].

        • Initial: The agency begins automating orchestration and response activities to support critical mission functions. [Pg.29].

        •  Traditional: The agency relies on static and manual processes to orchestrate operations and response activities with limited automation. [Pg.29].

     3. Governance: (1) BLUF: Enables agencies to manage and monitor their regulatory, legal, environmental, federal, and operational requirements in support of risk-based decision-making. Governance capabilities also ensure the right people, processes, and technology are in place to support mission, risk, and compliance objectives. [Pg.29]  (2) Governance refers to the definition and associated enforcement of agency cybersecurity policies, procedures, and processes, within and across pillars, to manage an agency’s enterprise and mitigate security risks in support of zero trust principles and fulfillment of federal requirements. [Pg.11]

        • Optimal: The agency implements and fully automates enterprise-wide policies that enable tailored local controls with continuous enforcement and dynamic updates. [Pg.29].

        • Advanced: The agency implements tiered, tailored policies enterprise-wide and leverages automation where possible to support enforcement. Access policy decisions incorporate contextual information from multiple sources. [Pg.29]. 

        • Initial: The Agency defines and begins implementing policies for enterprise-wide enforcement with minimal automation and manual updates. [Pg.29].

        • Traditional: The agency implements policies in an ad hoc manner across the enterprise, with policies enforced via manual processes or static technical mechanisms. [Pg.29]. 

• Maturity Levels within each Pillar: [Pg.9]

  1. Traditional: -- Manually configured lifecycles (i.e., from establishment to decommissioning) and assignments of attributes (security and logging); static security policies and solutions that address one pillar at a time with discrete dependencies on external systems; least privilege established only at provisioning; siloed pillars of policy enforcement; manual response and mitigation deployment; and limited correlation of dependencies, logs, and telemetry.

  2. Initial: — Starting automation of attribute assignment and configuration of lifecycles, policy decisions and enforcement, and initial cross-pillar solutions with integration of external systems; some responsive changes to least privilege after provisioning; and aggregated visibility for internal systems. 

  3. Advanced: --Wherever applicable, automated controls for lifecycle and assignment of configurations and policies with cross-pillar coordination; centralized visibility and identity control; policy enforcement integrated across pillars; response to pre-defined mitigations; changes to least privilege based on risk and posture assessments; and building toward enterprise-wide awareness (including externally hosted resources). 

  4. Optimal: —Fully automated, just-in-time lifecycles and assignments of attributes to assets and resources that self-report with dynamic policies based on automated/observed triggers; dynamic least privilege access (just enough and within thresholds) for assets and their respective dependencies enterprise-wide; cross-pillar interoperability with continuous monitoring; and centralized visibility with comprehensive situational awareness. 

Version:

• Currently on Version 2.0, released in April 2023. This version updates the model based on evolving security practices and technologies.

Resources:

• CISA's ZTMM Webpage: https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/zero-trust-maturity-model

• CISA's ZTMM PDF: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/zero_trust_maturity_model_v2_508.pdf 

Governance.

CISA’s ZT model prescribes governance under each of its five pillars (Identity, Device, Network, Application Workload, and Data) along with the cross-capabilities (Visibility and Analytics and Automation and Orchestration). The following areas of governance are specified in CISA ZT model: [CISA: Applying Zero Trust Principles to Enterprise Mobility, Pg.15]

1. Auditing of provisioning of identities and permissions.

2. Technical enforcement of identity, device, and network policies.

3. Policy enforcement of application development with test and evaluation processes.

4. Enforcement of data protections. • Data categorization and access authorizations. 

TIC 3.0 (Trusted Internet Connections 3.0 based on CISA):

BLUF -- TIC 3.0 is a cybersecurity program established by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). ITIC 3.0 by CISA provides a "Reference Framework-Compliant architecture" for securing federal civilian agency networks by implementing a ZTMM.

• A TIC 3.0-compliant architecture adheres to the principles and security controls outlined in the TIC 3.0 program documents.

• The CISA TIC 3.0 Reference Architecture provides a high-level overview of the key components of a TIC 3.0-compliant architecture. It is not intended to be a prescriptive solution, but rather a starting point for agencies to develop their architectures.

• (>>) There is no single prescriptive TIC 3.0-compliant architecture, as the specific implementation will vary depending on the unique needs of each agency. -- See the below common elements in TIC 3.0-Compliant.

Common elements found in TIC 3.0-compliant architectures: (5)

1. Identity and access management (IAM): A strong IAM system is essential for implementing Zero Trust, as it allows organizations to centrally manage user identities and access privileges.

2. Multi-factor authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide two or more factors of authentication before they can access resources.

3. Network segmentation: Dividing the network into smaller segments can help to limit the impact of a security breach.

4. Data encryption: Encrypting data at rest and in transit can help protect it from unauthorized access.

5. Continuous monitoring: Continuously monitoring systems and networks for suspicious activity can help identify and prevent security incidents.

Resources:

• Trusted Internet Connections (TIC) 3.0: https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/programs/trusted-internet-connections-tic

• TIC 3.0 Reference Architecture: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-02/cisa_tic_3.0_vol._2_reference_architecture.pdf

• Implement TIC 3.0 compliance: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/example-scenario/security/trusted-internet-connections

DoD's ZT Reference Architecture (ZTA, Pillars-Principles-Technologies).

• Reference: CISA: Applying Zero Trust Principles to Enterprise Mobility, Pg. 3, Header 2.

• Context: (1) The DoD's Zero Trust Reference Architecture of February 2021 categorizes ZT Principles and Technologies into Seven Pillars (see below):  (1) User, (2) Device, (3) Network/Environment,  (4) Application and Workload, (5) Data, (6) Visibility and Analytics, and (7) Automation and Orchestration. 

• DoD's ZTA Pillar-Principles-Technologies:

1. User: Identifying users and enabling trusted access to organizational information resources is one of the key characteristics of a ZTA.

2. Device: Assurance that a vetted device is used to access applications and data is essential in ZT.

3. Network/Environment: This pillar pertains to the level of granularity of isolation of the information resources by means of network segmentation and control (on or off-premises) for enforcing access and policy restrictions.

4. Applications and Workload: This category includes tasks or services offered from systems residing on-premises or in the cloud.

5. Data: For a comprehensive ZT approach, integrated protection of data, applications, assets, and services is essential. Techniques like Digital Rights Management (DRM), Data Loss Prevention (DLP), software-defined storage, and data tagging are effective in protecting the data.

6. Visibility and Analytics: Observance of performance and behavior, along with sensor and telemetry data, and an activity baseline are essential to the detection of anomalous activity, permitting adaptations to security policy and real-time access control.

7. Automation and Orchestration: For holistic and timely assessment of threats, manual security processes are automated to derive actionable information from disparate security tools (Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response [SOAR]) across an organization, enabling automated response. 

Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) is a journey, not a destination. It requires ongoing evaluation, adaptation, and alignment with evolving security threats and business needs.

Steps to a ZTA (6).

1. Identify Assets and Resources: 

   • Inventory all critical data, applications, and infrastructure components.

2. Define Security Policies: 

   • Establish granular access control policies based on user roles, device types, data sensitivity, and context.

3. Implement Policy Enforcement Points: 

   • Deploy PEPs at strategic locations to enforce policies across the network, applications, and data.

4. Integrate with Identity and Access Management (IAM) Systems: 

   • Integrate ZTA with existing IAM systems (Azure) to centralize user authentication and authorization (A&A, RMF).

5. Monitor and Log Activities: 

   • Continuously monitor network traffic and user behavior to detect anomalies and respond to threats.

   • Use Azure.

6. Educate Users: 

   • Train employees on security best practices and the importance of protecting sensitive data.

AuthSWhile there's no single, universally accepted framework for Zero Trust, several well-established standards and common frameworks guide implementation. Here are some commonly used ones:

Frameworks to Leverage (Choose the Best Path): (6)

• Consider your organization's specific needs, risk profile, and existing infrastructure.

• Evaluate the level of detail and guidance provided by each framework.

• Does the framework align with your cybersecurity strategy and compliance requirements?

• Frameworks provide a starting point. Zero Trust implementation requires customization and ongoing adaptation based on your unique environment and evolving threats.

1. NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-207: -- See "AuthS"

• Focus: Comprehensive Zero Trust architecture, outlining key tenets and implementation steps.

• Key Components: Identity, device, network segmentation, authentication, authorization, data protection, visibility and analytics, automation, and orchestration.

• Benefits: Well-structured, widely recognized, and aligned with broader cybersecurity best practices.

2. CISA ZT Maturity Model (ZTMM). -- See "AuthS"

• CISA's ZTMM Webpage: https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/zero-trust-maturity-model

• CISA's ZTMM PDF: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/zero_trust_maturity_model_v2_508.pdf 

3. Microsoft Zero Trust Guidance + Azure Tools:

• Focus: Practical guidance for implementing Zero Trust across Microsoft infrastructure and services.

• Microsoft's Key Components (aka Pillars) (5) -- (1) Identity, (2) Device, (3) Application,  (4) Data, (5) Infrastructure. -- CISA's Pillars: (1) Identity, (2) Devices, (3) Networks, (4) Applications and Workloads, and (5) Data.

• Benefits: Aligned with Microsoft products and services, provides actionable steps for ZT implementation.

• Use Azure Resources: Remember: These are just some of the recommended Azure resources for implementing ZT. The resources you need will depend on your individual security needs and cloud environment. 

1. Identity and Access Management (IAM) (3):

• Azure AD: Manages user identities and provides multi-factor authentication (MFA) for secure access.

• Azure AD Conditional Access: Defines dynamic access policies based on user attributes, device health, and application risk.

• Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM): Grants least-privilege access to sensitive resources for privileged users.

2. Network Security (4):

• Azure Virtual Network (VNet): Creates a private network within Azure for secure deployment of resources.

• Azure Firewall: Provides centralized policy enforcement for network traffic filtering and intrusion prevention.

• Azure Bastion: Enables secure remote access to virtual machines (VMs) without exposing them to the public internet.

• Azure DDoS Protection: Protects against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.

3. Application Security:

• Azure Application Gateway: Secures web applications with features like web application firewall (WAF), bot protection, and URL filtering.

• Azure Functions with Managed Identity: Run serverless functions with built-in identity and access control, eliminating the need to manage service accounts.

• Azure API Management: Securely manage and expose APIs to external consumers.

4. Data Security:

• Azure Key Vault: Securely store and manage encryption keys, secrets, and certificates.

• Azure Data Loss Prevention (DLP): Identifies and protects sensitive data in the cloud and on-premises.

• Azure Sentinel (SIEM): Provides advanced Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) for centralized threat detection and response.

~ Other Resources:

• Azure Security Center: Offers security recommendations, threat detection, and vulnerability management across your Azure environment.

• Azure Security Benchmark: Provides baseline security configurations for Azure resources.

• Azure Monitor: Monitors and logs security events for troubleshooting and incident response.

4. MITRE ATT&CK:

• Focus: Threat-informed approach, mapping Zero Trust controls to specific attack techniques.

• Key Components: Tactic and technique framework for understanding adversary behavior.

• Benefits: Aligns security controls with real-world attack patterns and prioritizes defense strategies.

5. Forrester Zero Trust eXtended (ZTX) Ecosystem:

• Focus: Holistic approach, encompassing eight core elements for a comprehensive Zero Trust strategy.

• Key Components: Workloads, workforce, workplace, devices, networks, data, visibility, analytics, automation, and orchestration.

• Benefits: It addresses a broader range of security domains and considers user experience and productivity.

6. Google BeyondCorp:

• Focus: Practical implementation model based on Google's internal Zero Trust journey.

• Key components: identity-centric access control, device trust, application segmentation, and context-aware access policies.

• Benefits: Proven in a large-scale environment, emphasizes user experience and productivity.

LINK.

• CISA's ZTMM (PDF): https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/zero_trust_maturity_model_v2_508.pdf

As an Enterprise Security Architect (ESA), you play a crucial role in safeguarding a company's most valuable assets – its data, systems, and infrastructure. To provide extreme value, you need to go beyond just implementing security measures and become a trusted advisor, proactively identifying and mitigating risks while aligning security with business goals & objectives. Here are some ways you can achieve this:

1. Understand the Business/Culture:

• Deep dive into the company's operations, data flows, and risk tolerance. This will help tailor security solutions to their specific needs and priorities.

• Build relationships with key stakeholders across departments. Foster open communication and collaboration to ensure everyone is on the same page regarding security.

• Translate complex security concepts. Into clear, actionable insights for non-technical decision-makers.

2. Be Proactive and Strategic (VMGO):

• Embrace a holistic (the whole) approach. Consider physical security, insider threats, social engineering, and emerging attack vectors.

• Develop a comprehensive security strategy (VMGO) aligned with the company's overall business strategy. Don't just react to threats; proactively identify and mitigate potential risks.

• Continuously monitor and adapt your security posture. The threat landscape is constantly evolving, so your defenses need to evolve as well.

3. Champion Innovation and Automation:

• Stay up-to-date on the latest security technologies and trends. Evaluate and implement innovative solutions that can improve your defenses and streamline operations.

• Automate routine security tasks wherever possible. This will free up your time to focus on more strategic initiatives.

• Leverage data analytics to gain insights into your security posture and identify potential threats.

4. Foster a Culture of Security:

• Create security awareness programs and training for employees at all levels. Educate them about cyber threats, best practices, and how to report suspicious activity.

• Lead by example. Demonstrate a strong commitment to security in your actions and decisions.

• Encourage open communication and reporting of security incidents. Make it easy for employees to report potential threats without fear of reprisal.