ZT (State, DOS)

ZT Principles -- (based on CISA ZTMM v2.0 (TIC 3.0) & OMB M-22-09).

• BLUF: Both CISA ZTMM v2.0 and OMB M-22-09 work in close alignment. In essence, OMB M-22-09 tells federal agencies what to do, and CISA ZTMM v2.0 helps them understand how to do it. Therefore, they don't present conflicting principles, but rather complementary ones

  1. OMB M-22-09 sets the federal government's ZT Architecture (ZTA) strategy.

  2. CISA's ZTMM provides a framework for agencies to implement that strategy.

• TIC 3.0: TIC (Trusted Internet Connection 3.0): It is an initiative by CISA to enhance federal cybersecurity by consolidating network connections and improving visibility and security measures across federal network architectures. The TIC 3.0 Zero Trust Security Model refers to the integration of Zero Trust principles within the TIC 3.0 framework.

• Zero Trust Principles: (7)

  1. "Never trust, always verify":

     • This is the foundational principle. It means no user or device is inherently trusted, regardless of their location on the network.

     • Both CISA and OMB emphasize this continuous verification approach.

     • Elena said at 10 yo, "Having a goldfish mind" (10sec)

  2. Assume breach:

     • This principle acknowledges that attackers may already be present within the network.

     • It necessitates designing security controls that limit the impact of a breach.

     • Crypto-Agility (aka PQC) may need to be looked into (PQC by 2030) 

  3. Verify explicitly:

     • This involves verifying user and device identity, security posture, and other relevant factors before granting access.

     • This principle is highly enforced by the OMB M-22-09 requirements, and the CISA ZTMM gives the framework for how to implement that verification.

  4. Least privilege access:

     • Users and devices should only be granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks.

     • This is a large part of the "data" pillar of the CISA ZTMM and is also required by OMB M-22-09.

  5. Micro-segmentation:

     • Dividing the network into smaller, isolated segments to limit the lateral movement of attackers.

     • This is a large part of the "Networks" Pillar of the CISA ZTMM.

  6. Continuous monitoring and response:

     • Constantly monitoring network activity and security posture to detect and respond to threats in real-time.

     • This is a cross-cutting capability of the CISA ZTMM and is a requirement of OMB M-22-09.

  7. Automation:

     • Utilizing automation tools to perform security checks and responses.

     • This is a cross-cutting capability of the CISA ZTMM.

• Key Alignments and Context:

  1. OMB M-22-09: 

     • Focuses on the federal government's ZTA strategy and mandates specific requirements for federal agencies.

     • It emphasizes identity, device, network, application, and data security.

     • It provides a timeline and goals for agencies to achieve Zero Trust.

  2. CISA ZTMM v2.0: (PDF)

     • Provides a maturity model to guide organizations through their ZT journey.

     • It outlines five pillars (Identity, Devices, Networks, Applications and Workloads, and Data) and three cross-cutting capabilities (Visibility and Analytics, Automation and Orchestration, and Governance).  

     • It offers a roadmap for implementing the principles outlined in OMB M-22-09.

TIC 3.0 (by CISA) ZT Security Model -- Goals & Objectives (G&O).

• BLUF: Using specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (S.M.A.R.T.) targets and incorporating the TIC 3.0 considerations. -- GOAL: Establish a robust and effective TIC 3.0 Zero Trust Security Model that protects the organization's assets and data while complying with federal mandates by [Specific End Date - e.g., December 31, 2026]. 

• Goals & Objectives with S.M.A.R.T.: (6+3)

  1. Goal: Achieve CISA ZTMM 2.0 Maturity Level 3 (Advanced) within [Timeframe].

     • Objectives:

       1. Conduct regular maturity assessments using the CISA ZTMM 2.0 framework.

       2. Implement specific controls and capabilities to advance to the next maturity level.

       3. Document progress and report to leadership.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Achieve CISA ZTMM 2.0 Maturity Level 3 (Advanced) across all core systems by [see Time-Bound].

       2. Measurable: Documented achievement of Level 3 criteria in CISA ZTMM v2.0 assessments.

       3. Time-Bound: December 31, 2025 or 2026.

  2. Goal: Fully comply with OMB M-22-09 requirements by [Deadline].

     • Objectives:

       1. Develop a detailed implementation plan aligned with M-22-09 deadlines.

       2. Track progress against each requirement and document evidence of compliance.

       3. Conduct regular reviews and audits to ensure ongoing compliance.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Achieve 100% compliance with all applicable OMB M-22-09 requirements by [see Time-Bound].

       2. Measurable: 100% completion of all M-22-09 required actions, documented evidence of compliance, and successful audit results.

       3. Time-Bound: September 30, 2024 or 2025.

  3. Goal: Implement NIST 800-53 security controls to achieve [Specific Control Baseline] by [Deadline]. 

     • Objectives:

       1. Conduct a gap analysis between existing controls and NIST 800-53 requirements.

       2. Prioritize and implement missing controls based on risk and criticality.

       3. Document control implementation and conduct regular assessments.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Implement NIST 800-53 security controls to achieve a high-impact control baseline across all critical systems by [see Time-Bound].

       2. Measurable: Completion of gap analysis, implementation of all required high-impact controls, and successful control validation assessments.

       3. Time-Bound: June 30, 2025 or 2026.

  4. Goal: Implement core Zero Trust principles (No Implicit Trust, Least Privilege, Continuous Monitoring, Micro-Segmentation, MFA, Data Encryption, Dynamic Policy Enforcement) across [Percentage] of critical systems within [Timeframe]. 

     • Objectives:

       1. Identify critical systems and prioritize implementation.

       2. Develop and deploy solutions for each Zero Trust principle.

       3. Monitor and measure the effectiveness of implemented controls.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Implement core Zero Trust principles (No Implicit Trust, Least Privilege, Continuous Monitoring, Micro-Segmentation, MFA, Data Encryption, Dynamic Policy Enforcement) across 80% of critical systems by [see Time-Bound]

       2. Measurable: Percentage of critical systems with documented implementation and validation of all core Zero Trust principles.

       3. Time-Bound: December 31, 2024 or 2025.

  5. Goal: Reduce the number of successful cyberattacks by [Percentage] within [Timeframe]. 

     • Objectives:

       1. Implement robust threat detection and response capabilities.

       2. Conduct regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing.

       3. Analyze security incidents and implement lessons learned.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Reduce successful cyberattacks targeting critical systems by 30% annually, measured from baseline data established by [see Time-Bound]. 

       2. Measurable: Reduction in the number of successful cyberattacks as recorded by the organization's SIEM and incident response systems.

       3. Time-Bound: Annual reduction, with baseline established by March 31, 2026.

  6. Goal: Increase user awareness of Zero Trust principles and best practices by [Percentage] within [Timeframe]. 

     • Objectives:

       1. Develop and deliver comprehensive training programs.

       2. Conduct regular security awareness campaigns.

       3. Measure user knowledge and behavior through assessments and simulations.

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Target: Increase user awareness of Zero Trust principles and best practices, as measured by successful completion of security training and passing associated tests, to 90% of all users by [see Time-Bound].

       2. Measurable: Percentage of users who complete training and pass associated tests.

       3. Time-Bound: June 30, 2025.

  7. -- TIC 3.0 Goal: Fully integrate TIC 3.0 security capabilities into the organization's Zero Trust architecture and demonstrate successful traffic inspection and policy enforcement through TIC access points by [see Target-Bound].

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Measurable: Documented integration of TIC 3.0 capabilities, successful testing of traffic inspection and policy enforcement, and validation by CISA or relevant agency.

       2. Time-Bound: September 30, 2025 or 2026.

  8. -- TIC 3.0 Goal: Ensure that 100% of traffic flowing through TIC access points adheres to Zero Trust principles by [see Time-Bound].

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Measurable: Monitoring and reporting of traffic through TIC access points, demonstrating adherence to Zero Trust policies through logs and analysis.

       2. Time-Bound: December 31, 2025 or 2026.

  9. -- TIC 3.0 Goal: Maintain ongoing compliance with the latest TIC 3.0 guidance by participating in quarterly CISA and interagency working groups and implementing required updates within 90 days of guidance publication. 

     • S.M.A.R.T.:

       1. Measurable: Attendance and participation in quarterly working groups, documented review of new guidance, and timely implementation of required updates.

       2. Time-Bound: Ongoing, with quarterly participation and 90-day implementation.

AuthS / Framework / Model that will be Used to Establish a ZTA.

• BLUF: Zero Trust Initiative: (1) This cybersecurity strategy moves away from traditional perimeter-based security. Instead, it assumes no user or device is inherently trusted, whether inside or outside the network. (2) Every access request is rigorously verified. 

• AuthS / Frameworks / Models to be Used to Meet The "Target-State": (5) -- Goal: Taking a very structured and mandated approach to implementing Zero Trust, using best-practice frameworks, and complying with federal regulations. This ensures a comprehensive and effective cybersecurity strategy.

  1. CISA v2.0 ZTMM: (1) CISA (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency) has developed a maturity model to guide organizations in implementing Zero Trust principles. (2) This model provides a structured approach to assessing and improving an organization's Zero Trust capabilities over time. (3) It helps to measure progress and set goals. 

     • • Used as a roadmap to guide its Zero Trust implementation.

       • To measure its progress and identify areas for improvement.

  2. Comply with M-22-09: (1) This refers to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Memorandum M-22-09, "Moving the U.S. Government Toward Zero Trust Cybersecurity Principles." (2) It mandates that federal agencies adopt Zero Trust principles and provides specific guidance on how to do so. (3) Adherence to this is mandatory for federal agencies.

     • • To ensure robust security controls for its IT systems.

  3. Implement NIST 800-53: (1) NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Special Publication (SP) 800-53 provides a catalog of security and privacy controls for federal information systems and organizations. (2) It's a foundational standard for ensuring the security of government IT systems. (3) It provides the security control baselines that must be implemented.

  4. Follow NIST SP 800-207 (Link): (1) This NIST publication, "Zero Trust Architecture," defines the core concepts and principles of Zero Trust. (2) It serves as a key reference document for organizations implementing ZTA. (3) The NIST document specifically defines ZT.

     • • To adhere to the established Zero Trust Architecture principles.

       • Key principles are: (7)

         1. No Implicit Trust: Zero trust assumes there is no implicit trust granted to assets or user accounts based solely on their physical or network location. Authentication and authorization are required before granting access to resources.

         2. Least Privilege Access: Access to resources is granted based on the principle of least privilege, meaning users and devices are given the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks.

         3. Continuous Monitoring and Validation: Continuous monitoring and validation of user and device identities are essential. This includes real-time assessment of access requests and ongoing verification of trust.

         4. Micro-Segmentation: Network segmentation is used to create smaller, isolated segments within the network. This limits the potential impact of a security breach.

         5. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA is a critical component of zero trust, requiring multiple forms of verification before granting access.

         6. Data Encryption: Data should be encrypted both in transit and at rest to protect it from unauthorized access.

         7. Dynamic Policy Enforcement: Access policies are dynamically enforced based on the current context, such as user behavior, device health, and location.

  5. Fulfill the Requirements of EO 14028: (1) This refers to Executive Order (EO) 14028, "Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity." It aims to strengthen the cybersecurity posture of the federal government and emphasizes the adoption of Zero Trust principles. (2) It is a presidential order that has driven many federal agencies to improve cybersecurity.

     • • To contribute to the nation's overall cybersecurity strengthening.

ZT Strategy (TIC 3.0) -- G&O -- (Baseline)

• BLUF: The core of the strategy is to move away from traditional perimeter-based security to a zero-trust model using ZT principles, where every access request is rigorously verified (TIC 3.0 by CISA). This is driven by federal mandates (5): (M-22-09, EO 14028) and guided by best practices (CISA ZTMM, NIST SP 800-207, NIST 800-53). 

• Goals & Objectives (General): (8)

  1. Establish a Zero Trust Program Office/Team:

     • Action Item: Form a dedicated team with representatives from IT, security, compliance, and relevant business units.

     • Action Item: Define roles and responsibilities within the team.

     • Action Item: Secure executive sponsorship and funding for the program.

  2. Conduct a Current State Assessment:

     • Action Item: Perform a comprehensive assessment of the existing IT infrastructure, applications, data, and user access patterns.

     • Action Item: Identify gaps between the current state and the desired Zero Trust Target State.

     • Action Item: Document existing security controls and their effectiveness.

  3. Develop a Zero Trust Target State Architecture:

     • Action Item: Define the desired Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) based on NIST SP 800-207 and CISA ZTMM 2.0.

     • Action Item: Document the target state architecture, including network segmentation, identity and access management (IAM), data protection, and security monitoring.

     • Action Item: Define the TIC 3.0 implementation within the target architecture.

  4. Create a Zero Trust Implementation Roadmap:

     • Action Item: Develop a phased implementation plan based on the CISA ZTMM 2.0 maturity levels.

     • Action Item: Prioritize implementation based on risk and criticality of assets.

     • Action Item: Align the roadmap with the M-22-09 deadlines.

  5. Implement Core Zero Trust Principles:

     • Action Item: Implement strong identity and access management (IAM) solutions with MFA.

     • Action Item: Deploy micro-segmentation to isolate critical systems and data.

     • Action Item: Implement least privilege access controls.

     • Action Item: Deploy data encryption solutions for data in transit and at rest.

     • Action Item: Implement continuous monitoring and validation tools.

     • Action Item: Implement dynamic policy enforcement based on context.

  6. Ensure Compliance with Federal Mandates:

     • Action Item: Implement NIST 800-53 security controls to meet federal requirements.

     • Action Item: Document compliance with M-22-09 and EO 14028.

     • Action Item: Conduct regular audits and assessments to ensure ongoing compliance. aka "Maturity Assessment Plan"

  7. Establish Continuous Monitoring and Improvement:

     • Action Item: Deploy security information and event management (SIEM) and security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) tools.

     • Action Item: Establish a security operations center (SOC) for continuous monitoring and incident response.

     • Action Item: Regularly review and update the Zero Trust architecture based on threat intelligence and lessons learned.

  8. User Training and Awareness:

     • Action Item: Develop and deliver training programs for all users on Zero Trust principles and best practices.

     • Action Item: Conduct regular phishing simulations and security awareness campaigns.

ZT Implementation Plan -- [D]

• BLUF: This plan is like a business case document that presents the ZT implementation process to leadership for insight. -- Will have: Executive Summary, Model info., Stage, Approach, Roadmap, Benefits, Dependencies, Resources, Stakeholders, Budget, Risk, etc. 

• Leverage/Use:

  1. Gunnison's DOS (STATE) "ZT Implementation Plan"...

ZT Leadership Brief (Slide Deck).

• BLUF: This PowerPoint slide deck is leveraging the content in the "ZT Implementation Plan" converted into PowerPoint to present to leadership. 

• Leverage/Use:

  1. Take the "ZT Implementation Plan" and convert it into a PowerPoint slide deck for leadership insights.

ZT Stakeholder Collaboration Report Plan (aka ...Engagement Plan) -- (like my 18 Points)

• BLUF: (1) A Zero Trust Stakeholder Collaboration Report (aka ...Engagement Plan) is about building a culture of security awareness and collaboration, ensuring that everyone understands and supports the organization's Zero Trust goal. -- (2) A crucial document for successfully implementing a zero-trust security model. It involves strategically communicating and collaborating with various stakeholders throughout the organization to ensure they understand, support, and participate in the transition." 

• Leverage/Use:

  1. Gunnison's "Stakeholder Collaboration Report."

• Value: (4)

  1. Buy-in and Support: Zero Trust implementation requires organization-wide buy-in and support. 

  2. Reduced Resistance: Effective communication and education can minimize resistance to change.

  3. Improved Security: Stakeholder engagement ensures that security protocols are understood and followed.

  4. Smooth Transition: A well-planned engagement plan facilitates a smoother transition to Zero Trust.

• Key Components: (7)

  1. Stakeholder Identification:

     • Identifying all relevant stakeholders, including:

     • IT staff (security, network, systems)

     • Management and executives  

     • End-users from different departments  

     • Data owners

     • Compliance and legal teams  

     • Third-party vendors

  2. Communication Strategy:

     • Develop a clear and consistent communication plan that outlines:

     • Key messages about Zero Trust principles and benefits.

     • Communication channels (e.g., meetings, emails, training sessions). 

     • Frequency of communication.

     • Tailoring messages to different stakeholder groups. 

  3. Education and Training:

     • Providing comprehensive training to ensure stakeholders understand:

       1. The rationale behind Zero Trust.

       2. How it will impact their roles and responsibilities.

       3. New security protocols and procedures.

       4. Tools and technologies used in the Zero Trust environment.

  4. Addressing Concerns and Objections:

     • Anticipating and addressing potential concerns and objections from stakeholders, such as:

       1. Perceived complexity or disruption to workflows.

       2. Privacy concerns.

       3. Resistance to change. 

     • Providing clear explanations and demonstrating the benefits of Zero Trust.

  5. Collaboration and Feedback:

     • Establishing mechanisms for ongoing collaboration and feedback, such as:

       1. Regular meetings and workshops. 

       2. Surveys and feedback forms.

       3. Pilot programs to test and refine Zero Trust implementation. 

     • Ensuring that stakeholder feedback is considered and incorporated into the implementation process.

  6. Change Management:

     • Implementing effective change management strategies to minimize disruption and ensure a smooth transition. This includes:

       1. Phased implementation.

       2. Providing adequate support and resources.

       3. Monitoring and evaluating the impact of changes.

  7. Demonstrating Value:

     • Showing the stakeholders the value of the zero trust implementation.

       1. Risk reduction.

       2. Increased security posture. 

       3. Improved user experience in some cases.

       4. Compliance improvements.

STATE (DOS) -- ZT Strategy (TIC 3.0) w/ Rationale -- (Baseline)

• BLUF: This ZT Strategy is highly aligned with both the CISA ZTMM and OMB M-22-09. The strategy comprehensively addresses key aspects of ZTA, including identity and access management (IAM), device security, network traffic management, application security, data protection, and alignment with existing policies. `` AI Le Chat Score (4.5 o 5) -- This strategy also shows Rationale (+) -- All DOS-type spelling is replaced with "agency."

• Leverage/Use:

  1. Gunnison's ZT Strategy to DOS (STATE). It is a formal document with an Executive Summary, etc. The EA focus is on the "Technical Approach" section covering each CISA Pillars and Cross-Cutting Capabilities.

• AI Agent:

  1. AI-1 (using "Deep Research"): https://gemini.google.com/immersive/0fd70b269d1355fd/d565f5fc14ca59d9

  2. AI-2: https://chat.mistral.ai/chat/f086d93a-da34-454f-96eb-7af366d5f358

• ZT Type of Tools:

  1. Zscaler: Federal agencies can enhance network security, application security, data protection, and compliance with federal mandates. Zscaler's solutions support the principles of Zero Trust, including micro-segmentation, dynamic access controls, and secure remote access, making it a valuable component in implementing a robust ZTA.

• Goals & Objectives (Plus) -- Baseline: (6)

  1.  Goal 1: Strengthen Identity and Access Management (IAM) -- Rationale: Strengthening Identity and Access Management (IAM) is fundamental to a zero-trust strategy as it ensures that every user and device is uniquely identified, authenticated, and authorized before gaining access to any resources. This aligns directly with the Identity pillar of the CISA ZTMM and the emphasis on enterprise-managed identities and phishing-resistant MFA in OMB M-22-09. A robust IAM framework minimizes the risk of unauthorized access and is a cornerstone of the "never trust, always verify" principle.

     • 1.1.   Specify Technologies and Processes: Define the specific technologies and implementation processes for the centralized identity management system to ensure seamless integration across all agency applications and platforms.  ~~ Outline the phases for implementation, including pilot programs and full-scale deployment

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Centralized identity management is crucial for seamless integration and aligns with Zero Trust principles of unique identification and authentication.

       3. Tools:

          • Zscaler: Zscaler Private Access (ZPA) can enforce MFA policies and integrate with centralized identity management systems, supporting seamless access management.

          • Identity Providers (IdPs): Like Azure AD, Okta, or similar.

          • Protocols: like SAML, OAuth, and OpenID Connect.

          • Processes: Integration via API.

     • 1.2.   Detail Multifactor Authentication (MFA) Methods and Timeline: Specify the phishing-resistant MFA methods to be adopted (e.g., FIDO2 tokens, smart cards) and establish a clear timeline for their agency-wide deployment. ~~ Define KPIs such as the percentage of users adopting MFA within a given timeline.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Phishing-resistant MFA is a key requirement in both frameworks to enhance security and minimize unauthorized access.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler supports phishing-resistant MFA methods and can help deploy and manage these solutions across the agency.

     • 1.3.   Establish Dynamic Access Guidelines: Develop well-defined guidelines outlining the conditions and mechanisms for enforcing dynamic access controls based on real-time risk analytics and device posture.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Dynamic access controls based on real-time risk analytics align with the "never trust, always verify" principle of ZT.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's platform can enforce dynamic access controls based on real-time risk analytics and device posture, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

     • 1.4.   Explore User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA): Investigate the integration of UEBA to detect anomalous activities and potential insider threats, adding an extra layer of security.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: UEBA adds an extra layer of security by detecting anomalous activities, supporting the Zero Trust approach to continuous verification.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can integrate UEBA to monitor user activities and detect anomalies, enhancing security through continuous verification.

  2. Goal 2: Enhance Device Security and Management -- Rationale: Enhancing device security and management is crucial in a zero-trust model because every device accessing agency resources is considered a potential attack vector. Comprehensive asset inventories, robust endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, and proactive supply chain risk management, as emphasized in the Device pillar of the CISA ZTMM and implicitly in OMB M-22-09, are essential to ensure that only trusted and compliant devices can access sensitive information.

     • 2.1.   Implement Continuous Inventory Monitoring: Establish a continuous monitoring process for asset inventories to maintain accuracy as the device landscape evolves.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Continuous monitoring of asset inventories ensures that only trusted devices access resources, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler Internet Access (ZIA) provides visibility into internet traffic from all devices, aiding in continuous inventory monitoring and management.

     • 2.2.   Define Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Effectiveness Metrics: Define specific, measurable metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of EDR tools in detecting and responding to various threats.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Measurable metrics for EDR tools support proactive threat detection and response, crucial for a Zero Trust model.

       3. Zscaler: While Zscaler itself is not an EDR tool, it can complement EDR solutions by providing additional layers of security and visibility into device activities.

     • 2.3.   Formalize Information Sharing with CISA: Specify the types of threat intelligence to be shared with CISA, the frequency of communication, and the designated channels for more effective collaboration.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Effective collaboration with CISA enhances threat intelligence and supports the broader federal cybersecurity objectives.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's platform can facilitate secure information sharing and collaboration, supporting the agency's efforts to enhance threat intelligence sharing with CISA.

     • 2.4.   Expand Supply Chain Risk Management: Broaden the scope of the supply chain risk management program to include software and cloud services, providing a more holistic approach to third-party risks.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: A holistic (the whole) approach to supply chain risk management, including software and cloud services, aligns with Zero Trust principles of minimizing potential attack vectors.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's secure access solutions can help manage risks associated with third-party software and cloud services by enforcing strict access controls and monitoring.

  3. Goal 3: Secure Network Traffic -- Rationale: Securing network traffic is a fundamental tenet of zero trust, as highlighted in the Network pillar of the CISA ZTMM and mandated by OMB M-22-09, which emphasizes encrypting all network traffic. By implementing encrypted DNS, enforcing HTTPS, transitioning to micro-segmentation, and eliminating the need for traditional VPNs, the agency can significantly reduce the attack surface and limit lateral movement within its networks.

     • 3.1.   Develop Micro-segmentation Roadmap: Create a comprehensive roadmap with clearly defined phases and timelines for the transition to a micro-segmented network architecture.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09.

       2. Rationale: Micro-segmentation is a key principle in Zero Trust architecture, emphasized in both frameworks to limit lateral movement within networks.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler Private Access (ZPA) supports micro-segmentation by providing secure access to applications without exposing the network, aligning with Zero Trust principles. 

     • 3.2.   Specify Dynamic Network Rule Technologies: Identify the specific tools and technologies (e.g., Software-Defined Networking - SDN) to be used for implementing dynamic network rules and configurations.

       1. AuthSt: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09.

       2. Rationale: Dynamic network rules support adaptive and responsive network management, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's platform can implement dynamic network rules and configurations, enhancing network security and adaptability. 

     • 3.3.   Consider Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA): Evaluate the adoption of ZTNA solutions as a more secure and granular alternative to traditional VPNs for remote access.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09.

       2. Rationale: ZTNA solutions, like those offered by Zscaler, provide a more secure. alternative to traditional VPNs, aligning with Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler is a leading provider of ZTNA solutions, offering secure remote access that eliminates the need for traditional VPNs. 

     • 3.4.   Integrate Advanced Network Security Measures: Explicitly include network traffic analysis and intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) as key components of the enhanced network security strategy.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09.

       2. Rationale: Network traffic analysis and IDS/IPS are crucial for enhancing network security and align with both frameworks.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's solutions include network traffic analysis and can integrate with IDS/IPS systems to enhance overall network security.

  4. Goal 4: Improve Application Security -- Rationale: Improving application security is vital in a zero-trust framework because applications and workloads are frequent targets for cyberattacks. By employing both automated and manual analysis, welcoming external vulnerability reports, and working towards immutable workloads, as aligned with the Application and Workload pillar of the CISA ZTMM, the agency can enhance the resilience and security of its applications.

     • 4.1.   Implement Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SSDLC): Integrate security considerations into every stage of the software development process to enhance application resilience.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09.

       2. Rationale: Integrating security into the software development process enhances application resilience, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: While Zscaler does not directly manage the SSDLC, it can secure the applications developed by enforcing strict access controls and monitoring.

     • 4.2.   Formalize Vulnerability Reporting Process: Establish a clear process for receiving, sorting, prioritizing, and responding to external vulnerability reports.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: A clear vulnerability reporting process supports continuous improvement and aligns with both frameworks.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can help manage and respond to vulnerabilities by providing secure access and monitoring capabilities.

     • 4.3.   Strategically Expand Internet Accessibility: Define specific criteria and a phased approach for securely enabling internet access to additional FISMA (Federal Information Security Modernization Act) Moderate systems.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Securely enabling internet access to FISMA Moderate systems supports application security and aligns with Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler Private Access (ZPA) allows secure internet access to applications, supporting the expansion of internet accessibility.

     • 4.4.   Explore Containerization for Immutable Workloads: Further investigate containerization and related technologies to facilitate the broader adoption of immutable workloads, especially in cloud environments.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Containerization supports immutable (can’t alter once created) workloads, enhancing application security and aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can secure containerized environments by enforcing access controls and monitoring traffic.

     • 4.5.   Ensure Seamless Contextual Information Integration: Guarantee that contextual information from the identity, device, and network pillars is seamlessly integrated into application access decisions for more granular control.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09, 

       2. Rationale: Integrating contextual information into access decisions supports granular control and aligns with Zero Trust and Zscaler's capabilities.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler integrates contextual information from identity, device, and network pillars to make informed access decisions.

     • 4.6.   Specify Real-time Exfiltration Detection Techniques: Define the specific tools and techniques to be used for real-time exfiltration detection as part of the data loss prevention strategy.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Real-time exfiltration detection is crucial for data loss prevention and aligns with Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler Internet Access (ZIA) includes data loss prevention (DLP) capabilities to monitor and protect sensitive data in real-time.

  5. Goal 5: Protect Sensitive Data -- Rationale: Protecting sensitive data is the core objective of a zero-trust strategy, as emphasized by the Data pillar of the CISA ZTMM and OMB M-22-09. Implementing robust data categorization, automated inventory processes, dynamic access controls, and comprehensive logging ensures that only authorized users can access sensitive information, thereby preventing data breaches.

     • 5.1.   Develop Comprehensive Data Classification Policy: Create a detailed data classification policy aligned with federal standards and the Department's specific data types and mission requirements.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Data classification supports data protection and aligns with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can enforce data classification policies by controlling access based on data sensitivity and user context.

     • 5.2.   Implement Automated Data Tagging and Labeling: Deploy automated tools for data tagging and labeling to streamline the categorization process and improve accuracy.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Automated data tagging enhances data categorization accuracy and supports Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can use automated data tagging to enforce access controls and monitor data usage.

     • 5.3.   Define Data Ownership and Custodianship: Clearly define the roles and responsibilities of data owners and custodians (trusted guardian) to enhance accountability for data security practices.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Clear data ownership enhances accountability and supports data protection.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's access controls support data ownership and custodianship by enforcing policies based on roles and responsibilities.

     • 5.4.  Ensure Consistent Data Encryption: Implement consistent data encryption both data-at-rest and data-in-transit across all systems and environments.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Data encryption is fundamental to protecting sensitive information and aligns with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler ensures data encryption both at rest and in transit, protecting sensitive information across environments.

  6. Goal 6: Align with Existing OMB Policies -- Rationale: Aligning with existing OMB policies, as outlined in the Governance cross-cutting capability of the CISA ZTMM and emphasized throughout OMB M-22-09, ensures that the agency's zero-trust strategy is consistent with broader federal cybersecurity objectives and mandates. This includes coordinating IPv6 transition, utilizing PIV credentials, and enhancing overall visibility and analytics to support informed decision-making.

     • 6.1.   Develop Detailed IPv6 Implementation Plan: Create a comprehensive plan and timeline for the complete implementation of IPv6 across the agency's infrastructure.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: IPv6 transition supports modern network infrastructure and aligns with federal mandates.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler supports IPv6, aiding in the transition and implementation of IPv6 across the agency.

     • 6.2.   Establish Guidelines for Non-PIV Authenticators: Define clear guidelines for the appropriate use of non-PIV phishing-resistant authenticators when PIV credentials are not feasible.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Guidelines for non-PIV authenticators support phishing-resistant authentication and align with Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler can enforce the use of non-PIV authenticators where PIV is not practical, supporting phishing-resistant authentication.

     • 6.3.   Conduct Risk Assessment of Network Inspection Devices: Perform a thorough risk assessment focused on network inspection devices to determine the optimal visibility level while mitigating potential vulnerabilities.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Risk assessment supports balanced visibility and security, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's secure access solutions can complement network inspection devices, balancing visibility and security.

     • 6.4.   Define Scope and Timeline for Internal HTTPS Enforcement: Clearly define the scope and establish a realistic timeline for expanding HTTPS enforcement to all internal connections, addressing challenges with legacy systems.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: Expanding HTTPS enforcement enhances data protection and aligns with Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler enforces HTTPS for all traffic, supporting the expansion of HTTPS enforcement internally.

     • 6.5.   Document and Communicate Governance Policies: Ensure that tiered governance policies are meticulously documented, effectively communicated, and regularly reviewed and updated.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. AuthS: Clear governance policies support compliance and continuous improvement, aligning with Zero Trust principles.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler's policy enforcement supports the documentation and communication of governance policies.

     • 6.6.   Leverage Security Information and Event Management (SIEM): Implement and utilize SIEM systems and other advanced analytics tools to enhance visibility into the agency's security posture and improve incident response capabilities.

       1. AuthS: CISA ZTMM, OMB M-22-09

       2. Rationale: SIEM systems enhance visibility and incident response, supporting Zero Trust goals.

       3. Zscaler: Zscaler integrates with SIEM systems to enhance visibility and incident response capabilities.

ZT Software Design Standards & Maturity Models -- (Baseline)

• BLUF: 

  1. Coordinate an Integrated Product Team (IPT) to establish ZT software design standards and maturity models, incorporating government contract requirements.

  2. This document outlines the specific security practices and progressive stages an organization will follow to implement and improve its Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) in software systems, ensuring continuous verification and least privilege access.

• AI Agent:

  1. https://gemini.google.com/app/cf29673637e35ac2 

• Value: (9)

  1. Enhanced Security Posture: Provides a structured approach to implementing Zero Trust, reducing the risk of cyberattacks.

  2. Compliance: Ensures compliance with federal mandates (OMB M-22-09) and industry best practices (CISA ZTMM v2.0).

  3. Standardization: Establishes consistent security practices across the organization.

  4. Risk Reduction: Minimizes the impact of potential breaches by limiting the "blast radius."

  5. Improved Efficiency: Automates security processes, freeing up resources for other critical tasks.

  6. Clear Roadmap: Provides a clear path for organizations to assess and improve their Zero Trust maturity.

  7. Improved data protection: Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access.

  8. Improved international security posture: This improves the security of sensitive information shared with internal and external partners.

  9. Reduced attack surface: limits the number of ways an attacker can gain access to systems.

• Key Components: (6)

  1. Executive Summary:

     • This document outlines the agency's Zero Trust Software Design Standards and Maturity Model, aligning with CISA ZTMM v2.0 and fulfilling the OMB M-22-09 mandate.

     • It provides a framework for secure software development, deployment, and operations, enhancing the agency's cybersecurity posture against evolving threats.

     • Given the internal and external nature of the agency's operations, and the sensitive nature of the data handled, a very robust Zero Trust implementation is paramount.

  2. Introduction:

     • Purpose: To establish a standardized approach to Zero Trust within DOS software systems.

     • Scope: Applies to all software developed, procured, and operated by DOS, including on-premises, cloud, and mobile applications.

     • Alignment: (NIST SP 800-207), CISA ZTMM v2.0, and OMB M-22-09. (and relevant agency security policies).

     • Given the agency's internal and external footprint, special attention must be paid to roaming users and low-bandwidth environments.

  3. Zero Trust Principles (DOS Specific):

     • Explicit Verification: All users, devices, and applications must be authenticated and authorized before accessing resources, regardless of location.

     • Least Privilege Access: Granular access controls are based on roles, attributes, and context, minimizing the attack surface.

     • Assume Breach: Continuous monitoring and threat detection to identify and respond to potential intrusions.

     • Data-Centric Security: Data protection is paramount, with encryption, classification, and access controls tailored to data sensitivity.

     • Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: Real-time monitoring of security posture, with automated responses and adaptive security policies.

  4. Zero Trust Software Design Standards

     • Aligned with CISA ZTMM v2.0: (6+3)

       1. Identity Pillar:

          • Standards: Phishing-resistant MFA (e.g., FIDO2), centralized identity management (IdAM), continuous authentication, and attribute-based access control (ABAC).

          • Maturity: Progress from basic password authentication (Initial) to risk-adaptive authentication (Optimal).

       2. Device Pillar:

          • Standards: Device health checks, endpoint detection and response (EDR), mobile device management (MDM), and secure boot.

          • Maturity: Progress from basic device inventory (Initial) to automated device compliance and remediation (Optimal).

       3. Network/Environment Pillar:

          • Standards: Micro-segmentation, software-defined perimeters (SDP), encrypted network traffic, and secure DNS.

          • Maturity: Progress from perimeter-based security (Initial) to dynamic network segmentation (Optimal).

       4. Application and Workload Pillar:

          • Standards: Secure software development lifecycle (SSDLC), API security, container security, and workload isolation.

          • Maturity: Progress from basic application security testing (Initial) to automated application security orchestration (Optimal).

       5. Data Pillar:

          • Standards: Data classification, encryption (at rest and in transit), data loss prevention (DLP), and data access monitoring.

          • Maturity: Progress from basic data encryption (Initial) to automated data discovery and protection (Optimal).

       6. Cross-Cutting Capabilities: (3)

          • Visibility and Analytics: SIEM, UEBA, logging, and monitoring. Maturity: From basic logging to advanced threat intelligence.

          • Automation and Orchestration: Automated security responses, policy enforcement, and incident response. Maturity: From manual processes to fully automated security operations.

          • Governance: Risk assessments, security audits, and policy management. Maturity: From ad-hoc security reviews to continuous compliance monitoring.

  5. CISA ZTMM v2.0 Maturity Functions/Stages:

     • Traditional: Legacy security controls, limited visibility.

     • Initial: Basic Zero Trust principles implemented.

     • Advanced: Significant Zero Trust capabilities deployed.

     • Optimal: Fully automated and adaptive Zero Trust architecture.

     • ~ Note: Detailed assessment criteria will be defined for each stage, aligning with CISA ZTMM v2.0.

  6. Implementation and Enforcement:

     • Phased implementation roadmap.

     • Roles and responsibilities (R&R).

     • Training and awareness programs.

     • Continuous monitoring and improvement.

     • ~ Note: Given the agency's internal and external footprint, special attention must be paid to roaming users, and low-bandwidth environments.

Evaluate current software programs to identify vulnerabilities and compliance risks.

• BLUF:  Due to time constraints, this document will be written like a proposal, providing suggestions based on authoritative sources.

Risk Management & Recommendations -- (Baseline)

• BLUF:  Prepare and deliver detailed reports with findings, risks and recommendations.

ZT Implementation Roadmap (Maturity Duration) -- (Baseline)

• BLUF:  Update Zero Trust implementation roadmap in regular intervals as well as upon request when major milestones are set and/or achieved.

Zscaler* to build a ZTA Strategy.

• BLUF: Both Azure and Zscaler have their unique strengths. Azure provides a comprehensive suite of tools (aka Azure Ecosystem) for a wide range of security needs, while Zscaler offers specialized (1-tool), cloud-native security solutions focused on Zero Trust principles. The choice between them depends on your organization's specific requirements and existing infrastructure.

• Rationale: Zscaler's capabilities align well with the objectives outlined in a Zero Trust strategy. The platform supports key aspects of identity and access management, device security, and network traffic management, which are essential for implementing a Zero Trust architecture. By leveraging Zscaler, the federal agencies can enhance their security posture, ensure compliance with federal mandates, and achieve the goals outlined in the CISA ZTMM and OMB M-22-09 frameworks. 

• Focus: Zscaler operates as a security service edge (SSE), providing secure web gateway (SWG), cloud access security broker (CASB), and Zero Trust network access (ZTNA) capabilities.

• What is Zscaler? Zscaler is a cloud-based cybersecurity platform that provides secure internet and application access. It offers services like secure web gateways, cloud firewalls, data loss prevention, and zero trust network access (ZTNA) by routing data through its cloud security platform to automate inspections and filter for threats. This protects you from malware, unauthorized access, and data leaks so you can optimize protection and performance for remote and distributed users.

• Importance of Zscaler in ZTA Strategy. -- BLUF: Zscaler plays a crucial role in the ZTA strategy by providing a comprehensive security framework that ensures no entity—user, app, service, or device—is trusted by default. Here’s how Zscaler's toolsets contribute to Zero Trust:

  1. Zscaler Internet Access (ZIA): Provides secure internet access by inspecting all encrypted traffic to prevent threats and data leaks.

  2. Zscaler Private Access (ZPA): Offers secure access to internal applications without exposing them to the internet, ensuring that only authorized users can access specific applications.

  3. Zscaler Digital Experience (ZDE): Monitors and improves user experience by providing insights into application performance and network issues

• Steps to Use Zscaler in Implementing Zero Trust.

  1. Empower and Secure Your Workforce: Start by securing your workforce with Zscaler's Zero Trust Exchange platform, which provides secure access to applications and data based on user identity and context.

  2. Protect Your Data in Cloud Workloads: Use Zscaler to secure cloud applications and workloads, ensuring that data is protected from unauthorized access and threats.

  3. Modernize IoT/OT Security: Implement Zero Trust for IoT and OT devices to ensure secure connectivity and protect against cyber threats.

  4. Engage Customers and Suppliers Securely: Extend Zero Trust principles to your customers and suppliers, providing secure access to applications and data while minimizing risks.

• Zscaler & Azure Ecosystem (Suite of Tools): (5-Equivalents)

  1. Security Service Edge (SSE):

     • Zscaler: Delivers SSE in a single, monolithic tool.

     • MS (Azure): Delivers SSE in a combination of services. (3)

       1. MS Entra Private Access: Delivers Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) capabilities. It enables secure access to private applications, whether they are hosted in Azure or on-premises, without the need for traditional VPNs

       2. MS Defender for Cloud Apps: Acts as a Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB). It provides visibility and control over cloud apps, including shadow IT discovery, data loss prevention (DLP), and threat protection for SaaS apps.

       3. MS Purview: Not an SSE component. It offers DLP-data loss prevention capabilities, allowing organizations to identify, classify, and protect sensitive data across various locations.

  2. Secure Web Gateway (SWG):

     • Zscaler's SWG filters web traffic, blocks malicious sites, and enforces web security policies.

     • Azure's equivalent: (1) Microsoft Entra Internet Access: This provides secure internet and SaaS access, web filtering, and threat protection. (2) Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps: Offers cloud application security, including visibility, control, and threat protection for SaaS applications.

  3.  Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB):

     • Zscaler's CASB provides visibility and control over cloud applications, preventing data loss and enforcing security policies.

     • Azure's equivalent: (1) Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps: This service acts as a comprehensive CASB, offering features like shadow IT discovery, data loss prevention, and threat detection for cloud applications.  

  4. Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA):

     • Zscaler's ZTNA provides secure access to private applications without relying on traditional VPNs.

     • Azure's equivalent: (1) Microsoft Entra Private Access: This service provides ZTNA capabilities, enabling secure access to private applications hosted in Azure or on-premises.

  5.  Data Loss Prevention (DLP):

     • Both Zscaler and Microsoft offer DLP capabilities.

     • Microsoft DLP is found within: (1) Microsoft Purview: Microsoft Purview provides a suite of compliance solutions, including DLP, that can protect sensitive data across various locations. (2) Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps: also has DLP capabilities.

Azure Tools to build a ZTA Strategy.

• BLUF: Both Azure and Zscaler have their unique strengths. 

  1. Azure provides a comprehensive suite of tools for a wide range of security needs. 

  2. Zscaler offers specialized, cloud-native security solutions focused on Zero Trust principles. The choice between them depends on your organization's specific requirements and existing infrastructure. 

• Azure Tools to build/implement a ZTA. (6)

  1. Azure AD: Provides identity and access management (IAM), including multi-factor authentication (MFA) and conditional access policies.

  2. Microsoft Defender for Cloud: Offers threat protection for workloads running in Azure, on-premises, and in other clouds.

  3. Azure Firewall: A managed, cloud-based network security service that protects your Azure Virtual Network (VNETs) resources.

  4. Azure Sentinel: A scalable, cloud-native security information and event management (SIEM) solution.

  5. Azure Security Center: Provides unified security management and advanced threat protection across hybrid cloud workloads.

  6. Azure Virtual WAN: A networking service that provides optimized and automated branch connectivity to, and through, Azure.

MDR, CASB, CNAPP, Zscaler, CloudFare - to - Azure..

• BLUF: Comparables to Azure Suite of Tools. -- In essence, Azure provides a strong foundation for cloud security, and third-party solutions (below) often enhance and complement those capabilities.

  1. CASB: Cloud Application Security Broker.

  2. Cloudflare: Global Network Security and Performance.

  3. CNAPP: Cloud-Native Application Protection.

  4. MDR: Managed Threat Detection and Response.

  5. Zscaler: Zero Trust Cloud Security Platform.

• Comparables to Azure: (5)

  1. CASB (Cloud Access Security Broker) vs. Azure:

     • Azure's Offering: Azure offers features related to CASB through Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps.

     • Comparison: While Azure provides CASB-like functionality, dedicated CASB solutions often offer more granular control and broader coverage across various cloud applications. -- CASB solutions specialize in cloud application security, providing in-depth visibility and control that may exceed the capabilities of general cloud security platforms.

  2. Cloudflare vs. Azure:

     • Azure's Offering: Azure offers DDoS protection and web application Azure Web Application Firewall (WAF) services. -- Azure also has its own CDN.

     • Comparison: Cloudflare is a global cloud platform that excels in DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) protection, WAF, and CDN (Content Delivery Network) services. -- Cloudflare's extensive global network and specialized security services often provide superior performance and protection against large-scale attacks.

  3. CNAPP (Cloud Native Application Protection Platform) vs. Azure:

     • Azure's Offering: Azure offers security tools for cloud-native applications, including Azure Defender for Containers and Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) security features. -- Microsoft Defender for Cloud provides:

       1. CSPM (Cloud Sec Posture Mgmt): Continuously monitoring and improving the security posture of cloud infrastructure. -- Compliance: PCI DSS, HIPAA.

       2. CWP (Cloud Workload Protection): Securing individual workloads (app, process, or data) that are in the cloud like VMs, containers (Docker), and serverless/headless functions. 

     • Comparison: CNAPPs consolidate CSPM and CWPP into a unified platform, providing comprehensive security for cloud-native environments. -- Azure's security tools address specific aspects of cloud-native security, but CNAPPs offer a more integrated approach.

  4. MDR (Managed Detection and Response) vs. Azure:

     • Azure's Offering: Azure offers tools like Microsoft Defender for Cloud and Azure Sentinel (SIEM-SecInfoEventMgmt), which provide threat detection and SIEM capabilities. -- Microsoft also provides Microsoft MDR services.

     • Comparison: MDR services, whether from Microsoft or third-party providers, add a layer of human expertise and 24/7 monitoring to Azure's security tools. They handle alert triage, threat hunting, and incident response, which can be crucial for organizations with limited security resources. -- Essentially, Azure provides the tools, and MDR services help organizations effectively use those tools.

  5. Zscaler vs. Azure:

     • Azure's Offering: Azure offers network security tools like Azure Firewall and Azure Virtual Network (VNETS).

     • Comparison: Zscaler is a cloud-delivered security platform that specializes in zero-trust network access (ZTNA) and secure web gateway (SWG) capabilities. -- Zscaler's cloud-native architecture and focus on ZTNA often provide more flexible and scalable security for organizations with distributed workforces.