舉證責任 Burden of Producing Evidence

法諺有云：「舉證之所在，敗訴之所在。」

什麼是證據？什麼是真實？照片所呈現的能當作證據？照片能反映真實？

法庭上依照直接審理原則，審判長原則上應將證物提示給當事人、代理人、辯護人或輔佐人辨認。然而如果替代物與原物間有同一性，不排除用照片、影片或影本來替代。在此一論述下，若雙方對同一性無爭論，形同承認擬像本身即是真實、影像本身即是刑事訴訟程序上之「證據」。

但攝影僅「照明」了世界的一個細節，卻使所有其他部分陷入盲目的黑暗之中。被拍攝的物體不過是所有其他部分消失時所留下的痕跡，只留下這一個物件在閃耀著。

透過操弄影像的真實性，使未發生的事件變成可能。法學書籍、小六法、起訴書、照相機云云「證物」，一一成為可能事件的「符號」。攝影者編排、框架、架空「真實」，營造證物影像本身應有的規約性，使虚假謀殺真實、使刑法上的偽造文書成為不可能。因為在擬像本身即為真實的假設性前提之下，便沒有所謂偽造的可能。

如此一來，證物影像本身究竟構建的是虚假的在場證明，抑或是真實的不在場證明？

What is the evidence? What is real? Can what the photos show be used as evidence? Do photos reflect reality? 

In accordance with the principle of the Criminal Procedure Law, the presiding judge shall, in principle, present the evidence to the parties, agents, defenders or assistants for identification. However, if there is identity between the substitute and the original, it does not preclude the use of photographs, films or films as a substitute. 

Under this discussion, if the two parties have no dispute over the identity, it is equivalent to acknowledging that the imitation itself is the real thing, and the image itself is the "evidence" in the criminal procedure. 

But photography "illuminates" only one detail of the world, leaving all the rest in blind darkness. Each photographed object is nothing but the trace left by the disappearance of all other parts, leaving only this one object shining. 

By manipulating the authenticity of the image, events that did not happen are made possible. Law books, small six laws, indictments, cameras, etc. "evidence" all become "symbols" of possible events. The photographer arranges, frames, and kidnaps the "truth", creating the stipulation that the evidence image itself should have, making the false murder of the truth and the forgery of documents in the criminal law impossible. Because under the assumption that the imitation itself is true, there is no possibility of so-called forgery. 

In this way, does the evidence image itself construct a false proof of presence, or a real proof of alibi?