MAPPING

Map: It is a proportionate graphical representation of the Earth's surface or/and Celestial body drawn on sheets of paper or cloth according to the Scale, Direction & Details.

Map reading: The followings are the purposes of map reading.

To find one's own position on the Earth.
To determine the direction & distance of one object from another.
To locate & estimate the sizes & shapes of various features of the ground.
To prepare plans for movements & journeys.

Classification of Maps:

On the Basis of Scale.

- Large Scale Maps, i.e.3" to a Mile
  - Cadastral Maps or Revenue Maps: Useful for local administration & collection of revenue.
  - Topographical Maps: Useful to show natural as well as man-made features of an area.
- Small Scale Maps, i.e.1" to a Mile or 1" to 4 Miles.
  - Geographical Maps: Useful to give a picture of an area or a country as a whole. Besides the below-mentioned 3 maps, there are various types of maps under the Geographical map according to the purpose, such as Political map, Physical map, Road map, Railway map, Tourist map, Relief maps scale 1:15 Million.
    - International Map of the World (IMW) series: Scale 1:1 Million & covers 4-degree latitude & 6-degree of longitude. It provides geology, population, vegetation, soil, administrative limits & other statistical data. The map contains are rivers, lakes, canals, roads, railways, state & district boundaries, villages, towns, contours (i.e. anything related to geological features).
    - World Aeronautical Charts: Scale 1:1 Million & covers 4-degree of latitude & 6-degree of longitude. These series are maintained by India in pursuance of the policy of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The series covers India & neighboring countries & the main map contents are like IMW with heights, aerodromes & contours.
    - State Maps: Scale 1:1 Million. The map contents are like IMW with the details of various districts & sub-division/tehsils with H.Q.
  - Atlas Maps (Smaller Size): The contains are only the principal natural features, main towns, main railways, extensive vegetation, types of soils & mineral resources, very useful for educational purposes.
  - Wall Maps (Smaller Size): Represents large areas. It shows various natural & man-made features.

On the basis of Contents & Purpose.

Physical Maps - Provides details about natural features.
- Relief Maps - Shows the relief features & the drainage pattern of an area i.e mountains, valleys, the rivers.
- Climatic Maps - Shows the climatic conditions such as rainfall, the temperature of a month or year.
- Weather Maps - Show the specific weather condition for a particular time of day (prepared by the Meteorological dept. at Pune).
- Bathymetrical Maps - Shows the depths of the Sea & Oceans.
- Bathy-Orographically Maps - Shows the Vegetation of an area.
- Geological Maps - Shows the distribution of various kinds of rocks in an area.
Cultural Maps - Provides details about manmade features.
- Population Maps - Shows the distribution & density of population.
- Ethnographical Maps - Shows the distribution of various race.
- Linguistic Maps - Shows the distribution of the various languages spoken in different parts of the world.
- Economic & Commercial Maps - Shows the production centers & trade routes.
- Industrial Maps - Shows the zone of industries & their centers.
- Communication Maps - Shows roads, railways, oceans & air routes.
- Historical Maps - Shows the empires of various rulers & historical places of the time or period.
- Agriculture Maps - Shows the agriculture production etc. of the various parts of the country.
- Charts
  - Hydrographical Charts - It is a navigator's map of the ocean areas.
  - Aeronautical Charts - It is used in aviation.

5D of Map

Direction
Distance
Details (16 points of the map)
Demarcation
Designation

Dwitiya Sopan (#An Independent Examiner should certify the completion of the course)

4. COMPASS & MAP :

a) Know the sixteen points of a compass.

b) Be able to find North by at least two constellations

Kinds of North

True North as indicated by Pole Star.
Magnetic North as indicated by a magnetic needle.
Grid North as indicated by grid lines.

In India's perspective, the following 2 constellations may be used to find North. Both are circumpolar in nature. These Constellations will guide the observer towards the Pole-Star, 'the Polaris'. The color of the Polaris is red in nature & it is the 49th Brightest star in the night sky. The Polaris is itself a star in the constellation Ursa Minor.

Constellation - Cassiopeia

Constellation - Ursa Major

c) Using a Compass know how to find the bearing of various objects from your position.

Bearing - Bearing is the Angular distance from an object to the observer with the North-South line.

The Bearing is measured in the clockwise direction.

Back-bearing is the angle measured in the Anticlockwise direction. Generally, Back-bearing has a difference of 180 degrees from the Bearing.

Types of Bearing

True Bearing - with help of True North
Magnetic Bearing - with help of Magnetic North
Grid Bearing - With help of Grid North

Magnetic Variation:

Earth's Magnetic field changes its position every day due to Earth's rotation. Thus the angel between the True North & Magnetic North changes due to changes in Magnetic North. This variation is called Magnetic Variation. The rate of changes annually is generally given on the map sheet.

MV= Magnetic Variation
GV = Grid Variation
MN = Magnetic North
TN = True North
GN = Grid North

d) Follow a trail laid out using compass bearing & distances.

Alternative Syllabus

d) Prepare a trail for your family using compass/protector & distances

The following map has been made with compass bearing & distances. Scout Master will provide the Bearing-Distance chart prior to the Trail.

e) Know the terms: Scale, Direction, Conventional signs, Contours & Grid Reference.

Scale

Scale is the ratio between distances between any two points in Map & the correspondent distance in actual ground.

Types of Scale

By statement or in word : In this method the Scale is stated in words i.e. One inch to a Mile (1'' = 1 Mile)

By Representative Fraction (RF) : In this method the scale is expressed in the form of a fraction i.e. 1/50000. Means one unit of the map represents 50000 units of the length in the ground.

RF = Distance between two points on the Map / Distance between the same two points on the ground.

To calculate the scale both of the factors should be in same unit, i.e. both should be in mm, inch, foot etc.

By Graphics of Linear Scale: Graphics scale is a scale which is drawn graphically on the map. Cartographer should draw, suitable number of divisions of inch, centimeter etc. & write their exact representation above/below of the divisions.

Direction:

It shows the direction of the Map i.e. North (in any form). Commonly it is indicated at the top/up side of the Map.

Conventional Signs:

These are universally used symbols on the map to represent the objects (natural or artificial) of the ground.

Color code: Conventional signs are generally drawn in black, but the following colors may be used for more significant map making.

Red: Man made objects
Green: Forest/ Plant
Blue: Water bodies
Brown: Contours
Yellow: Open/Barren Land.

Contours:

A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic map to indicate ground elevation or depression. A contour interval is the vertical distance or difference in elevation between contour lines. Index contours are bold or thicker lines that appear at every fifth contour line. These are generally brown in color.

Grid Reference

A grid reference system, also known as grid reference or grid system, is a geographic coordinate system that defines locations in maps using Cartesian coordinates based on a particular map projection. Grid lines on maps illustrate the underlying coordinate system. Such coordinate lines are numbered to provide a unique reference to each location on the map. Grid coordinates are normally eastings and northings.

Easting and Northing are geographic Cartesian coordinates for a point. Easting is the eastward-measured distance (or the x-coordinate) and Northing is the northward-measured distance (or the y-coordinate).

Grid reference is used to describe the position of an object on the grid map through reference numbers. Reference numbers are some 4 digit/ 6 digit/ 8 digit numbers by which we can locate a particular place or point.

4 Digit: XXYY, XX is Easting, YY is Northing
6 Digits XXXYYY, XXX is Easting, YYY is Northing
8 Digits XXXXYYYY, XXXX is Easting, YYYY is Northing

f) Be able to use a tourist map

Alternative Syllabus

f) Able to read a tourist map

Tourist map generally consists of Tourist Attraction places & roads which connects them. Generally, the maps are Not-to-Scale in nature, but the directions are proper in those maps.

Bishnupur Town Tourist Map

In those maps, Bus station or Rail Station should be marked clearly, so that the tourists commuting from bus or train can understand the map clearly.

Tritiya Sopan (#An Independent Examiner should certify the completion of the course)

5. MAPPING:

Be able to access a GPS Map & use it to follow a given route.

Alternative Syllabus - Tritiya Sopan (#An Independent Examiner should certify the completion of the course)

5. MAPPING : Learn how to use GPS map with the help of internet.

or,

Draw a map of the area using Triangulation method with the help of compass or Plane Table method.

Triangulation Method with Compass

Take another Scout with you in the location whose map has to drawn.
Both of you should stand in East-West line. Take the direction from compass.
Mark the objects whose bearings will be taken by you.
Measure the distance from your position to the other Scouts position. Take a note of that.

Take the desired bearings from your location, i.e. Scout 'X' position.
Note that.
Take bearings of the same objects from Scout 'Y' end.
Take a note of that.

Put conventional signs in respect to the objects.
You should have this two notes after completing the field survey.

Take a plain paper.
Draw a straight line across the page with a marking of X-Y. Measure the length of X-Y in sheet. Calculate the scale by comparing distance of X-Y in paper with distance of X-Y in ground. Write it in the bottom portion of the Paper.
Draw North lines from point X & Point Y
Draw Bearing lines from point X. Take help of a protector.

Then draw bearing lines from point Y.
They will intersect with each other. Draw a firm line connecting all those intersecting points.

Put Conventional signs in all those intersecting points.
Put a list of Conventional signs in the sheet.
Put North in the map.
Write all 16 points in your map.
You can attach your bearing sheet with the map for reference only.

Plane Table Method

or,

Sketch a map of the route undertaken for at least four kms by using Road Traverse method or Gilwell Sketch

Rajya Puraskar (#An Independent Examiner should certify the completion of the course)

6. Mapping:

Make a map by using any one of the methods not done earlier: Plane Table or Triangulation or Road Traverse

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