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Preventive measures or barriers
This section is mostly descriptive to guide you (the user) in establishing preventive measures that would help reduce, control, or remove the identified risks.
The tool provides a template to complete this step because the preventive measures need to be detailed in the plan, so you (the user) are advised to either use the suggested approach or insert your own, provided that it must include as many details as possible to ensure the safe use of the system.
Part "a": Guidance
Water Quality
When it comes to water quality, the risks can come either from a microbiological or a physico-chemical source.
Microbiological risks
The microbiological parameters that can be present in wastewater for reuse and can pose a risk can typically be:
Escherichia coli
Intestinal enterococci
Intestinal worms (Nematodes)
Legionella
Salmonella
Total coliphages
Clostridium perfringens spores
Physico-chemical risks
The physico-chemical parameters that can be present in wastewater for reuse and can pose a risk can typically be:
Inorganic Compounds: Ammonium, Boron, Carbonates, Chloride, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, Sodium Absorption Ratio, Sodium carbonate (residual), Sulfates.
Water Quality Indicators: Bicarbonates, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Conductivity (20ºC), Free residual chlorine, Hardness, pH, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, Turbidity.
Heavy Metals: Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Selenium, Uranium, Vanadium, Zinc.
Organic Compounds: 1,2-Dichloroethane, Benzene, Tri- and Tetrachloroethene, Vinyl chloride.
Preventive measures for Microbiological risks
Preventive measures for Physico-chemical risks
Hazardous Events
Hazardous events may differ from one water reuse system to another, but still, as most of the systems are alike in several components, some hazardous events that turn to risks, are likely to occur in most of them.
Certainly, as the events may be quite particular to each system, the preventive measures to address these events will also be particular.
Nevertheless, to some "common" hazardous events, a number of preventive measures is listed as follows.
Part "b": Template
When building your WRRMP, you need to identify the preventive measures that are being applied to your water reuse system to prevent risks form happening.
Because of these measures need to be detailed in your plan, the following template can help you organize the information that is needed for this section.
You can use the preventive measures suggested within this page (if they suit your approach) or insert your own.
Keep in mind that you must provide as many details as possible to ensure the safety of the system.
Example
ACCESS TO
Remember to copy the template/document FIRST to customize your own system!
Additional Measures
Additional preventive measures for other situations
Change from raw eaten vegetables to boiled ones.
Change from overhead irrigation to drip irrigation.
No irrigation before harvesting for at least three days.
Peeling fresh produce.
Washing salad with running potable water and added sanitizer.
Furrow irrigation.
Filtering water before irrigation (with fine sand or biochar).
Note
The preventive measures provided in this tool are not exhaustive or fixed and the user can adopt its own approach based on experience or other specific requirements that apply to its system.
The content of this page has been produced using guidance from:
*Maffettone R., Gawlik B.M., Technical Guidance - Water Reuse Risk Management for Agricultural Irrigation Schemes in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2022, doi:10.2760/590804, JRC129596.
*Cetaqua projects, experience.
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