The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the history of Mughal rule in India which lasted for two centuries. 

A plethora of Persian literary sources and vernacular literature help us to reconstruct and understand developments that took place during the timespan of 1500-1600. Several important aspects like Mughal Polity and the Chagatayid traditions were introduced to India by them. The Mughal-Rajput relations and its impact on the nation along with the rise of Rajput communities like Rathores and Sisodias are discussed. One of the most important developments, that of a ‘gunpowder empire’ and the various agrarian and land reform practices like the ‘Mansabdari/Jagirdari’, et al are critically analysed. The course also talks about the  Nayakas, a major political force in the south. Imperial power and its articulation through art and architecture are explored through the study of Mughal buildings and South Indian temples. The emergence of politico-religious ideas like ‘sulh-i-kul’ and Sufi movements are discussed.

The second part of this paper covers the period from 1600-1750. Along with Persian literature sources, travelogues and vernacular literature help us to understand this period. The process of state formation and expansion leading to internal conflicts with the Deccan, Marathas, Rajputs and the bloody war of succession within the Mughal household are analysed. Maratha expansion under Shivaji and Peshwas is carefully explained. Developments like the establishment of the ‘Sikh’ religion and Aurangzeb’s exploitative religious policies like ‘jizya’ are scrutinized. Courtly cultures of the Mughals are explored. The creation of a dynamic and vibrant culture of art and architecture including miniature paintings and the construction of the Taj Mahal and  ‘Shahjahanabad’ at Delhi are studied. The start of European sea trade, a declining agrarian environment and beginnings of the use of innovative crafts and technologies lead to the interpretation of the 18th century as a tussle between change/continuity and whether a ‘dark age’ had taken over is a question that is hotly debated.

We have done our best to segregate the readings and these have been done in accordance with the sub-units but they are not water-tight. Readers are advised to go through all the readings. 

इस पाठ्यक्रम का उद्देश्य छात्रों को भारत में मुगल शासन के इतिहास से परिचित कराना है जो दो शताब्दियों तक चला।

फ़ारसी साहित्यिक स्रोतों और स्थानीय साहित्य के ढेर सारे घटनाक्रम हमें 1500-1600 के समय के दौरान हुए विकास को समझने में मदद करते हैं। उनके द्वारा भारत के लिए मुग़ल राजव्यवस्था और चगतायिद परंपराओं जैसे कई महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं को पेश किया गया था। मुगल-राजपूत संबंधों और राष्ट्र पर इसके प्रभाव के साथ-साथ राठौड़ और सिसोदिया जैसे राजपूत समुदायों के उदय पर चर्चा की जाती है। सबसे महत्वपूर्ण घटनाक्रमों में से एक, बारूद साम्राज्य ’और मानसदारी / जागीरदारी’ जैसे विभिन्न कृषि और भूमि सुधार प्रथाओं इत्यादि का गंभीर रूप से विश्लेषण किया गया है। यह पाठ्यक्रम दक्षिण में एक प्रमुख राजनीतिक ताकत नायक के बारे में भी बात करता है। मुगल इमारतों और दक्षिण भारतीय मंदिरों के अध्ययन के माध्यम से कला और वास्तुकला के माध्यम से शाही शक्ति और इसकी अभिव्यक्ति का पता लगाया जाता है। राजनीतिक विचारों के उद्भव जैसे सुलह-ए-कुल ’और सूफी आंदोलनों पर चर्चा की जाती है।

इस पत्र का दूसरा भाग 1600-1750 तक की अवधि को कवर करता है। फ़ारसी साहित्य स्रोतों के साथ-साथ यात्रा वृतांत और शाब्दिक साहित्य हमें इस अवधि को समझने में मदद करते हैं। दक्खन, मराठों, राजपूतों के साथ आंतरिक संघर्षों के लिए राज्य गठन और विस्तार की प्रक्रिया और मुगल घर के भीतर उत्तराधिकारी पद के लिए किया गया युद्ध का विश्लेषण किया जाता है। शिवाजी और पेशवाई के तहत मराठा विस्तार को ध्यान से समझाया गया है। सिख ’धर्म की स्थापना और औरंगज़ेब की शोषणवादी धार्मिक नीतियों जैसे जजिया’ की स्थापना का भी ज्ञान इसमें मिलता है । दरबार में मुगलों की संस्कृतियों का पता लगाया जाता है। लघु चित्रों सहित कला और वास्तुकला की एक गतिशील और जीवंत संस्कृति का निर्माण और ताजमहल व ‘शाहजहानाबाद’ के निर्माण का अध्ययन किया जाता है। यूरोपीय समुद्री व्यापार की शुरुआत, एक गिरता हुआ कृषि वातावरण और अभिनव शिल्प और प्रौद्योगिकियों के उपयोग की शुरुआत 18 वीं शताब्दी की व्याख्या के रूप में परिवर्तन / निरंतरता और एक 'अंधकार युग' के बीच एक झगड़े के रूप में हुई थी जो एक प्रश्न है, बहस के रूप में सामने आती है।

हमने रीडिंग को अलग करने की पूरी कोशिश की है और ये सब-यूनिट्स के अनुसार किया गया है, लेकिन ये किसी भी प्रकार से सिमित नहीं है । पाठकों को सभी रीडिंगज़ पर नज़र डालने की सलाह दी जाती है। 

Part-I: History of India-V (c. 1500-1600) 

REFERENCES:

1. P. Saran_ Pre Mughal Political Structure (Background of Mughal Administrative Institutions)_ Provincial Government of the Mughals

2. Irfan Habib_Trade in Agricultural Produce_  The Agrarian System of Mughal India

3. Irfan Habib_The Peasant and the Land; and The Village Community_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

4. Irfan Habib_Population_ eds. T. Raychaudhuri, & I. Habib_ The Cambridge Economic History of India 

5. Irfan Habib_Material Conditions of the Life of the Peasantry_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

I. Sources and historiography

REFERENCES:

1. Irfan Habib_Timur in the Historiography of Mughal_Timur in the Political Tradition and Historiography of Mughal India

[a] Persian literary traditions: Tawarikh; Insha and translations

REFERENCES:

1. Fauzia Zareen Abbas_Abdul Qadir Badauni - A Voice in the Wilderness_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 52

2. Altaf Ahmad Azmi_Development of Unani Medicine During the Reign of Babur (A.D.1526-1530)_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 52

3. हरबंस मुखिया_'अकबरनामा' में इतिहास- विश्लेषण की अवधारणाएँ_ मध्यकालीन भारत : नए आयाम

[b] Vernacular literature: Braj bhasha and Telugu /Tamil

REFERENCES:

1. Mohd. Afzal Khan_A Central Asian Traveller's account of South India_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 50

2. Kumkum Chatterjee_Goddess Encounters: Mughals, Monsters and the Goddess in Bengal_ Modern Asian Studies_Modern Asian Studies_12 March 2013

3. Sumit Guha_Transitions and Translations:Regional Power and Vernacular Identity in the Dakhan, 1500-1800_ Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Volume 24, Issue 2 

II. Establishment of political authority: Mughals, Rajputs and Nayakas

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_ Struggle for Empire in North India-II Mughals and Afghans (1525-1555)_ A History of Medieval India 

[a] Campaigns and conquest: tactics and technology 

REFERENCES:

1. Jos Gommans_ War-band and court_ Mughal Warfare

2. S.P. Verma_ Firearms in Sixteenth Century India (A Study Based on Mughal Paintings of Akbar’s Period)_ Interpreting Mughal Paintings

3. S.P. Verma_ Technology in Mughal India (Evidence of Mughal Painting)_  Interpreting Mughal Paintings

4. Jos Gommans_ The Indian Frontier_ Mughal Warfare

5. Iqtidar Alam Khan_ The Nature of Handguns in Mughals India: 16th and 17th Centuries_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_ 1991; 52nd Volume

6.  I.H. Qureshi_ India Under the Mughals: The Mughal Emperors_ The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 2A

7. Irfan Habib_ Akbar and Technolgy_ Irfan Habib_ Akbar and his India

8. Jos Gommans _ The military labour market_ Mughal Warfare

9. Jos Gommans _ Camp, Warhorse and elephant _ Mughal Warfare

10. Jos Gommans _ Forts, Guns and Sails_ Mughal Warfare

11. D.H.A Kolff_ A Warlord’s Fresh Attempt at Empire_Muzzafar Alam_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

[b] Chaghatayid traditions: the Mughal household; Abul Fazl’s interventions 

REFERENCES:

1. Ram Prasad Tripathi_ The Turko- Mongol Theory of Kingship_Empire_Muzzafar Alam_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

2. U.N Day_ Abul Fazl’s Conception of Monarchy_*

3. M. Athar Ali_ The Perception of India in Akbar and Abu’l Fazl_ Irfan Habib_ Akbar and his India

4.  M. Athar Ali_ Towards an Interpretation of the Mughal Empire_ Hemann Kulke_ The State in India 1000-1700

[c] Rajputs and other warrior groups in the Mughal empire 

REFERENCES:

1. S. Inayat A. Zaidi_ Akbar and the Rajput Principalities: Integration into Empire_ Irfan Habib_ Akbar and his India

2. W. H. Moreland _ The Sayyid and Afghan Dynsties_ The Agrarian System of Moslem India

3. Norman P. Ziegler_ Some Notes on Rajput Loyalties during the Mughal Period_ Muzzafar Alam_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

4. A.C. Banerjee_ The Rajput and the Mughals_ Aspects of Rajput State and Society

5. Afzal Hussain_ Afghan Nobility under Akbar and Jahangir- The family of Daulat Khan Lodi_ Proceedings of Indian History Congress_ 1987; Volume 48

6. Francis H. Taft_ Honor and Alliance: Reconsidering Mughal- Rajput Marriages_  History of India, 1600-1800; Selected Essays_ Nirmal Kumar

[d] The Nayakas

III. Consolidation of political authority: Mughal, Rajputs and Nayakas

REFERENCES:

1. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund_The Rise and Fall of Mughal Empire_ in_ A History of India 

[a] Historiographies on the nature of the Mughal state 

REFERENCES:

1. W.H. Moreland_Reign Of Akbar (1565-1605)_ The Agrarian System of Moslem India

2. Stephen P. Blake_ The Patrimonial- Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals_ The State in India 1000-1700

3. Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subramanium_Introduction: The Old and the New in Mughal Historiography_ in_ Writing Mughal India

4. Irfan Habib_A Political Theory for the Mughal Empire- A Study of the Ideas of Abu'l Fazl_ IHC: Proceedings_ 59th session, 1998

5. M. Athar Ali_The Mughal Polity-A Critique of "Revisionist" Approaches_ IHC Proceedings_ 52nd session, 1991-92

6. K.N.Chitnis_Mughal Kingship_ Medieval Indian History

7. Satish Chandra_Consolidation of Mughal Empire: Age of Akbar_ A History of Medieval India

[b] Evolution of the administrative institutions: zabt, mansab, jagir, madad-i-ma‘ash 

REFERENCES:

1. Irfan Habib_The Land Revenue_ Agrarian System

2. Irfan Habib_Revenue Grants_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

3. J.F. Richards_The Formulation of Imperial Authority Under Akbar and Jahangir_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

4. P.Saran_The Military Organisation of The Province_ Provincial Government of the Mughals

5. K.N.Chitnis_Mughal Religious Policy_*

6. Kiran Pawar_Central Asiatic Background of Some Aspects of Political Institutions and Administration of Akbar_ IHC Proceedings_ Vol. 49 1988

7. Tapan Raychaudhuri, H. Fukazawa and Burton Stein_The State and the Economy_ in_ The Mughal Empire

8. W.H. Moreland_The reign of Akbar (1556-1605)_ The Agrarian System of Moslem India

9. Irfan Habib and L.B. Alaev_The Systems of Agricultural Production_ in_ Mughal India

10. Irfan Habib_Revenue Assignments_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

11. Firdos Anwar_Implementation of Escheat Under Shahjahan: Some Implications_ IHC Proceedings_ 52nd session 1991-92

12. Irfan Habib, H. Fukuzawa_Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue_ in_ North India

13. K.N.Chitnis_The Mansabdari System_*

14. P. Saran_The Provincial Government: Structure and Working of the Executive_ Provincial Government of the Mughals

15. Satish Chandra_ Economic and Social Life Under the Mughals_ A History of Medieval India

[c] Agrarian and revenue relations: Zamindars and peasants 

REFERENCES:

1. Tapan Raychaudhuri_The Agrarian System of Mughal India: A Review Essay_ The Mughal state, 1526-1750

2. W.H. Moreland_The Outlying Regions_ The Agrarian System of Moslem India

3. S. Nurul Hasan_Zamindars Under the Mughals_ THe Mughal state, 1526-1750

4. Irfan Habib_The Zamindars_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

5. Shireen Moosvi_ The Extent of Urbanization_ The Urban Economy

6. Irfan Habib_The Land Revenue_ Agrarian System

7. K.N. Chitnis_ The Village Community_*

8. K.N. Chitnis_ The Agrarian System Under The Mughals_*

9. Shireen Moosvi_ Extent of Cultivation_ Agricultural Production

10. Shireen Moosvi_Problems of Mughal Revenue Administration (Todarmal's Original Memorandum, March 1582)_ People, Taxation and Trade

11. Shireen Moosvi_ Land-Revenue Realization_ Land Revenue

12. A. Jan Qaisar_Distribution of the Revenue Resources of the Mughal Empire among the Nobility_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

13. Shireen Moosvi_ Prices and Wages_ The Urban Economy

14. Shireen Moosvi_ Agricultural Productivity (Crops and Yields)_ Agricultural Production

15. E.Seenaiah_ Some Aspects of the Agrarian Economy and Trade in the Vijayanagar Empire [1500-1600]_ IHC Proceedings_ Vol. 48, 1987

16. Irfan Habib_Material Conditions of the Life of the Peasantry_ Agrarian System

17. Irfan Habib_Agricultural Production_ Agrarian System

18. Irfan Habib_Revenue Assignments_ Agrarian System

19. Irfan Habib_Monetary System and Prices_*

20. Irfan Habib_The Peasant and the Land; the Village Community_ Agrarian System

21. Shireen Moosvi_ Land-Revenue Demand_ Land Revenue

22. Irfan Habib_Agricultural Production_ The Agrarian System of Mughal India

[d] The Rathores and Sisodias 

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_Mughal Relations with the Rajput States of Rajasthan: The Foundations_ Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs and the Deccan 

[e] The Nayakas

REFERENCES:

1. Noboru Karashima_ Fifteenth Century to Seventeenth Century: Vijaynagar State and the Wider World_ A Concise History of South India 

IV. Articulation of authority

REFERENCES:

1. Catherine B. Asher_ Precedents for Mughal Architecture_ Architecture of Mughal India

2. Catherine B. Asher_ The beginnings of Mughal Architecture _ Architecture of Mughal India

3. Ebba Koch_ Introduction_  Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

4. John Burton Page_ Mughal Architecture_ Indian Islamic Architecture

[a] Fatehpur Sikri 

REFERENCES:

1. Cathrine B. Asher_ The Age of Akbar_ Architecture of Mughal India

2. Ebba Koch_ The Mughal Waterfront Garden_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

3. Ebba Koch_ Mughal Palace Gardens from Babur to Shah Jahan (1526- 1648)_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

[b] Forts in Marwar 

[c] Temples and gopurams of the Nayakas

REFERENCES:

1. Susan Huntington_ The Nāyak Period_* 

V. Political and religious ideas

[a] Akhlaqi traditions; Sulh -i- Kul 

REFERENCES:

1. Muzaffar Alam_ Opposition and Reaffirmation_The Languages of Political Islam: India, 1200-1800 

[b] Sufi interventions; Shattaris and Chishtis

REFERENCES:

1. Muzaffar Alam_ The Sufi Intervention_The Languages of Political Islam: India, 1200-1800

[c] Revivalist trends in Indian Islam: Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi 

REFERENCES:

1. Muhammad Mujeeb_Badauni_in_Mohibbul Hasan(ed.)_Historians of Medieval India 

[d] Deccan Sultanates, transregional links and Shia Ideology

REFERENCES:

1. Nile Green_Oral Competition Narratives of Muslim and Hindu Saints in the Deccan_in_Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 63, 2004

2. Sunita Puri_Socio-Political context of Guru Nanank's thought_in_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 52 (1991)

3. J.S. Grewal_The Sikh Movement During the Reign of Akbar_in_Irfan Habib_Akbar and his India 

4. M. Siraj Anwar_The Safavids and Mughal Relations With the Deccan States_in_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 52nd Season (1991-1992)

Part-II: History of India- VII (c. 1600-1750)

I. Sources

[a] Persian histories, memoirs: Jahangirnama; Maasir-i Alamgiri 

[b] Travelogues: Bernier, Manucci 

[c] Vernacular literary cultures: Mangalkavya and Rekhta

II. Political alliances and state formation

REFERENCES:

1. W.H Moreland_Conclusions_ The Agrarian System Of Moslem India

[a] Mughal Conquest and limits of expansion: Deccan 

REFERENCES:

1. W.H.Moreland_The Asiatic Environment_ The Agrarian System Of Moslem India

2. Satish Chandra_The Deccan and South India (Up tp 1656)_ History of Medieval India 

3. K.N.Chitnis_The Deccan Muslim State_ Glimpses of medieval Indian ideas and institutions

4. Nobuhiro Ota and others_Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries- British Rule and Indian Society_ A Concise History of South India

5. Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subramaniam_The Deccan Frontier and Mughal Expansion, Circa 1600_ Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics

6. Shireen Moosvi_The Mughal Empire and the Deccan Economic Factors and Consequences_ Shireen Moosvi, People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India

7. W.H Moreland_The Outlying Regions_  The Agrarian System Of Moslem India

8.  W.H Moreland_The Seventeenth Century - Jahangir and Shahjahan (1605-1658)_ The Agrarian System Of Moslem India

9. Jos L. Gommans_The Limits of Empire_ Mughal Warfare

[b] Issues in the wars of succession 

REFERENCES:

1. Supriya Gandhi_Succession_ The Emperor Who Never Was: Dara Shikoh in Mughal India 

[c] Rajput political culture and state formation: Eastern Rajasthan 

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_Mughal-Rajput Relations during 17th century - Problems of a Class Alliance_ Mughal Religious Policy: The Rajputs and the Deccan 

[d] Marathas: Shivaji and expansion under the Peshwas

REFERENCES:

1. Stewart Gordon_Shivaji (1630-80) and the Maratha Polity_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

2. Stewart Gordon_Baji Rao's Northern Expansion (1720-1740)_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

3. Stewart Gordon_Centripetal Forces (1760-1803)_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

4. Stewart Gordon_Conquest to Administration (1740-1760)_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)*uploaded twice

5. K.N.Chitnis_ Maratha Confederacy_ Medieval Indian History

6. Stewart Gordon_Marathas and Deccan Sultanates_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

7. Stewart Gordon_Shivaji (1630-80) and the Maratha Polity_The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

8. Stewart Gordon_Responses to Family Invasion (1680-1719)_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

9. Stewart Gordon_Baji Rao's Northern Expansion (1720-1740)_ The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India)

10. Raj Kumar_Tukaram, Ramdas and Shivaji_ ed. Raj Kumar_ Essays on Medieval India

11. A.R. Kulkarni_Maratha Swarajya: Its Extent and Income_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 51

12. K.N.Chitnis_ Maharashtra Dharma_ Medieval Indian History

13. Satish Chandra_Shivaji and the Maratha Landed Elements_ Indian Society; Historical Probings

14. A R Kulkarni_The Indian Village with special reference to Medieval Deccan (Maratha Country)_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 52

III. Religion, society and the state

REFERENCES:

1. M.Athar Ali_The Religious World Of Jahangir_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 51 

[a] Religious and intellectual ferment: Sikh, Vallabhi and Dara Shukoh

REFERENCES:

1. Indu Banga_Social Structure, Religious Ideology and Political articulation: The Sikhs of the Punjab_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress,Vol. 49

2. Jigar Mohammad_Prince Dara Shikho’s Writing on Sufism and Comparative Study of Religion : A Study of Majma-Ul-Bahrain_in ed_S.M. Waseem_Development of Persian Historiography in India

 [b] Reassessing Aurangzeb: Jaziya, temple grant, music and relations with the Sikh Gurus

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_Religious Policy of Aurangzeb during later part of his reign - some considerations_Mughal Religious Policy: The Rajputs and the Deccan

2. Iqbal Husain_New light on some events of early years of Aurangzeb's reign_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 52

3. Satish Chandra_Reassessing Aurangzeb_Historiography, Religion & State in Medieval India

4. Satish Chandra_ Aurangzeb-A Critical Review_Historiography, Religion & State in Medieval India

IV. Political culture

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_ India in the first half of the Seventeenth Century_ A History of medieval India

2. Ebba Koch_ The Delhi of the Mughals prior to Shahjahanabad as Reflected in the Patterns  of Imperial Visits_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

3. Ebba Koch_ The copies of the Qutb Minar_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

[a] Mughal courtly culture: Umara; Haram; Mirzanama 

REFERENCES:

1. Rafat Bilgrami_ Property Rights of Muslim Women in Mughal India_*

2. Rosalind O’Hanlon_ Kingdom, Household and Body History, Gender and Imperial Service under Akbar_ Modern Asian Studies_ Vol. 41, No. 5 (Sep., 2007)

[b] Shahjahanabad 

REFERENCES:

1. Ebba Koch_ Introduction_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

2. Ebba Koch_ Siwan-i ‘Amm and Chihil Sutun: The Audience Halls of Shah Jahan_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

3. Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi _ Iranian Influence on Medieval Indian Architecture_ Irfan Habib_ A Shared Heritage: The Growth of Civilizations in India and Iran

4. Satish Chandra_ Cultural and Political Role of Delhi, 1975-1725_ Robert Eric Frykenberg_ Delhi Through the Ages

5. Ebba Koch_ Shah Jahan and Orpheus: The Pietre Dure Decoration and the Programme of the Throne in the Hall of Public Audiences at the Red Fort of Delhi_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

6. Stephen P. Blake_ Cityscape of and Imperial Capital_  Robert Eric Frykenberg_ Delhi Through the Ages

7. Catherine B. Asher_ Shah Jahan and the Crystallization of the Mughal Style_ Architecture of Mughal India

8. Hamida Khatoon Naqvi_ Shahjahanabad, The Mughal Delhi, 1638-1803_ Robert Eric Frykenberg_ Delhi Through the Ages

9. Ebba Koch_ The Lost Colonnade of Shah Jahan’s Bath in the Red Fort of Agra_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

[c] Mughal painting: allegory and symbolism under Jahangir and Shah Jahan

REFERENCES:

1. Satish Chandra_ Cultural and Religious Developmemts_ A History of Medieval India 

2. Monica Juneja_ The Breastfeeding Mother as Icon and Source of Affect in Visual Practice- a Transcultural Journey_*

3. Ebba Koch_ Jahangir and the Angels: Recently Discovered Wall Paintings under European Influence in the Fort of Lahore_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

4. Ashok Kumar Srivastava_ Some Aspects of Chinese Influences on Mughal Painting_ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_ Vol. 49 (1988)

5.  S.P. Verma_ Artist’s Signatures in Miniatures of the Mughal School_ Interpreting Mughal Painting

6. S.P. Verma_ Evidence on Self-Portrait Painting in Indian Art_ Interpreting Mughal Painting

7. Ebba Koch_ The Influence of the Jesuit Missions on Symbolic Representations of the Mughal Emperors_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

8. S.P. Verma_ Elements of Historicity in the Portraits of the Mughal School_ Nirmal Kumar_ History of India, 1600-1800: Selected Essays

9. Catherine B. Asher_ Shah Jahan and the Crystallization of the Mughal Style_ Architecture of Mughal India

10. P. Verma_ Persian and Mughal Paitning_ Interpreting Mughal Painting

11. Ebba Koch_ The Hierarchical Principles of Shah-Jahani Painting_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

12. S.P. Verma_ Humanism in Mughal Painting_ Interpreting Mughal Painting

13. Catherine B. Asher_ Jahangir: An Age of Transition_ Architecture of Mughal India

14. B.N. Goswamy_ In the Sultan’s Shadow: Pre-Mughal Painting in and around Delhi_ Robert Eric Frykenberg_ Delhi Through the Ages

[d] Rajput paintings

[e] Mughal Architecture

REFERENCES:

1. Catherine B. Asher_ Architecture and the Struggles for Authority Under the Later Mughals and their Successor States_ Architecture of Mughal India

2. Gavin R. G. Hambly and Burton Stien_ Towns and Cities_ Mughal India

3. Satish Chandra_ Cultural and Religious Developmemts_ A History of Medieval India 

4. Catherine B. Asher_ Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal Style_ Architecture of Mughal India

5. Catherine B. Asher_ Jahangir: An Age of Transition_ Architecture of Mughal India

6. Percy Brown_ Monuments of Mughal Period_  Monica Juneja_ Architecture in Medieval India

7.  Ebba Koch_ The Baluster Column: A European Motif in Mughal Architecture and Its Meaning_ Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology

V. Society and economy

REFERENCES:

1. S.P. Gupta_The Magnitude of Land Revenue Demand in the Mughal Administration during the late 17th & 18th century_in_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , Vol.51 (1990) 

2. Irfan Habib_Forms of class struggle in Mughal India_Essays in Indian History 

3. Shireen Moosvi_A Note on Interest Rates in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries_People, Taxation and Trade

4. Shireen Moosvi_Travails of a Mercantile Community Aspects of Social Life at the Port of Surat (Earlier Half of the Seventeenth Century)_People, Taxation and Trade 

5. Shireen Moosvi_Work and Gender in Mughal India_People, Taxation and Trade 

6. Satish Chandra_ Some Aspects of the Growth of a Money Economy in India the Seventeenth Century_in_ Studies in Asian History (New Delhi, 1969)

7. Shireem Moosvi_Urban Population in Pre-Colonial India_People, Taxation and Trade

[a] Understanding agrarian environment: forest, tribes, migrant communities 

REFERENCES:

1. Wilfred Cantwell Smith_Lower-class Uprisings in the Mughal Empire_in_Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds.)_The Mughal State, 1526-1750

2. Shireen Moosvi_Reforming Revenue Administration : Aurangzeb's Farman to Rasikdas, 1665_People, Taxation and Trade

3. Farhat Hasan_Anglo-Muslim Commercial Relations at Surat, Uptil the first Half of the Seventeenth century_in_Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , Vol.51 (1990) 

4. Shireen Moosvi_Scarcities, Prices, and Exploitation : The Agrarian Crisis, 1658-70_People, Taxation and Trade

5. W.H Moreland_The Seventeenth Century - Jahangir and Shahjahan (1605-1658)_The Agrarian System of Moslem India 

6. Shireen Moosvi_The Indian Economic Experience 1600-1900 A Quantitative Study_People, Taxation and Trade

7. Susan Bayly_The Muslim Religious Traditions in South India_Saints, Goddesses and Kings

8. Susan Bayly_The South Indian State and Creation of Muslim Community_Saints, Goddesses and Kings

9. Susan Bayly_Christianity and Colonial Rule in the Tamil Hinterland_Saints, Goddesses and Kings

10. Susan Bayly_The Christian Paravas of Southern Tamilnad_Saints, Goddesses and Kings

11. Susan Bayly_The Collapse of Syrian Christian 'Integration'_Saints, Goddesses and Kings

[b] Indian Oceanic trade; European commercial enterprise – Kerala, Coromandel coast; western India

REFERENCES:

1. W.H.Moreland_Changes in the Foreign Commerce of India_From Akbar to Aurangzeb

2. G.Z Refai_Foreign Embassies to Aurangzeb's Court at Delhi,1661-65_in_R.E. Frykenberg_Delhi Through the Ages 

3. Shireen Moosvi_The Silver Influx, Money Supply, Prices and Revenue-extraction in Mughal India_People, Taxation and Trade

4. W.H.Moreland_The Development of Dutch & English Commerce in India_From Akbar to Aurangzeb

5. Shireen Moosvi_The Gujarat Ports and Their Histerland : The Economic Relationship_People, Taxation and Trade

6. Agnelo P. Fernandes_Goa's Role in the International Trade in 16th and 17th Centuries_in_Proceedings of IHC, Vol.48 (1987)

7. Shireen Moosvi_Mughal Shipping at Surat in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century_in_Proceedings of IHC, Vol.51 (1990)

8. S.Najaf Haider_English Merchants and the Credit Market of India in the 17th century_in_Proceedings of IHC, Vol.48 (1987)

9. Sushil Chaudhury_The 'Silky' world of Bengal Trade c. 1700-1757_in_Proceedings of IHC, Vol.52, 1991-92

10. Tapan Raychaudhari, H. Fukazawa and L. Alaev_Non-Agricultural Production_in_Tapan Raychaudhuri, Irfan Habib_The Cambridge Economic History of India Volume I

[c] Crafts and technologies

REFERENCES:

1. Irfan Habib_The Technology and Economy of Mughal India_in_Nirmal Kumar_History of India 1600-1800: Selected Essays 

2. S.P.Verma_Technology in Mughal India - Evidence of Mughal Paintings_Interpreting Mughal Painting

VI. Interpreting the 18th Century

REFERENCES:

1. S. A. A. Rizvi_ The Breakdown Of Traditional Society_ eds. P. Holt, A. Lambton, & B. Lewis_ The Cambridge History of Islam 

2. Karen Leonard_The 'Great Firm' Theory of the decline of the Mughal Empire_ eds. Muzaffar Alam & Sanjay Subramanium_ The Mughal State, 1526-1750

3. Satish Chandra_Jaziyah in the Post-Aurangzeb period_ Mughal Religious Policy: The Rajputs and the Deccan 

4. Shireen Moosvi_The Indian Economic Experience 1600-1900 A Quantitative Study_ People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India

5. Irfan Habib_The Agrarian Crisis of the Mughal Empire_ Agrarian System of Mughal India

6. Satish Chandra_Climax and Disintegration of Mughal Empire II - Rise of Marathas_ History of Medieval India

7. Z.U.Malik_The Core and the Periphery: A Contribution to the Debate on the Eighteenth Century_ eds. Nirmal Kaur_ History of India 1600-1800 Selected Essays 

8. Irfan Habib_The Agrarian Crisis Of the Mughal Empire_ Agrarian System of Mughal India