The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the different historical aspects of Modern Europe. This course broadly deals with various socio-political currents that spread over the continent between the 17th and early 20th centuries.

The first part begins with the  ‘French Revolution’, whose repercussions echoed within Europe. It documents Napoleon's regime, his conquests and wars. It explores the impact of industrialisation on social classes, and demographic patterns like the rise in urban population and cities and towns, explaining various economic transformations in Europe from the 18th - 20th century. The gradual emergence of ‘liberal’ and ‘modern’ ideals in various regions along with working-class movements are critically assessed. 

The second part deals with the concept ‘Nationalism’ and formation of sovereign states including the ‘Bolshevik Revolution’ in Tsarist Russia. The spread of imperialism and crisis across regions leading to the devastating First World War are examined. It is followed by a critical analysis of  Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany along with different cultural and intellectual developments. 

However, it is important to highlight here that even though an attempt has been made to provide topic-specific articles but there are articles that are relevant for more than one topic. It is advisable therefore to go through as many readings as possible; rest is reader’s discretion.

Part-I: History of Modern Europe– I 

I. The French Revolution and its European repercussions

REFERENCES:

1.

2.  

3. George Rudé_ Introduction (Historiography of the French Revolution)_The Crowd in the French Revolution

4. George Rudé_ The Motives of the Revolutionary Crowd_The Crowd in the French Revolution

5. Albert Soboul_The French Revolution in the history of the Contemporary World_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

6. Hunt, L., T. R Martin, B. H Rosenwein and B.G Smith_The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815_The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History, Volume II 

[a] Crisis of the Ancien Regime

REFERENCES:

1. Timothy Tackett_Nobles and Third Estate in the Revolutionary Dynamic of the National Assembly_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

2. Colin Lucas_Nobles, Bourgeois and the origins of the French Revolution_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

[b] Intellectual currents

REFERENCES:

1. Francois Furet_The French Revolution Revisited_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

2. Keith Michael Baker_The Idea of a Declaration of Rights_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

3. Colin Jones_Bourgeois Revolution Revivified_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

4. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[c] Social classes and emerging gender relations 

REFERENCES:

1. Olwen Hufton_In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

2. Lynn Hunt_The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

3. William H. Sewell_A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies

4. George Rudé_ The Anatomy of the Revolutionary Crowd_The Crowd in the French Revolution

5. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[d] Phases of the French Revolution 1789-99 

REFERENCES:

1. John Markoff_Violence, Emancipation and Democracy_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies 

2. Eric Hobsbawm_ The World In The 1780s_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

3. Eric Hobsbawm_ The French Revolution_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

4. George Rudé_ The ‘Massacre’ of the Champs de Mars_The Crowd in the French Revolution

5. George Rudé_  The Fall of Monarchy_The Crowd in the French Revolution

6. George Rudé_ The Triumph of Mountain_The Crowd in the French Revolution

7. George Rudé_ Thermidor_The Crowd in the French Revolution

8. George Rudé_ Germinal Prairial_The Crowd in the French Revolution

9. George Rudé_ Vendémiaire_The Crowd in the French Revolution

[e] Art and culture of the French Revolution

[f] Napoleonic consolidation –reform and empire

REFERENCES:

1. Francois Furet_Napoleon Bonaparte_in_edited by Gary Kates_The  French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies 

2. Eric Hobsbawm_ War_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

3. Eric Hobsbawm_ Peace_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

4. Martin Kitchen_Germany Under Napoleon_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

5. Jonathan Sperber_Polarization and Confrontation_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851  

II. Restoration and revolution: c 1815-1848

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ Revolutions_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

2. Eric Hobsbawm_ Conclusion: Towards 1848_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

[a] Forces of conservatism and restoration of old hierarchies 

REFERENCES:

1. Martin Kitchen_Restoration And Reform 1815-40_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

2. Jonathan Sperber_The Pre-revolutionary Political Universe_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

3. Jonathan Sperber_Polarization and Confrontation_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[b] Social, political and intellectual currents 

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ Nationalism_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

2. Eric Hobsbawm_ Ideology: Religion_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

3. Eric Hobsbawm_ Ideology: Secular_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

4. Eric Hobsbawm_ The Arts_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

5. Eric Hobsbawm_ Science_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

6. Roger Price_ Social Systems_ The Revolutions of 1848 

7. Martin Kitchen_German Society in Transition 1800-70_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

8. Eric Hobsbawm_Marx, Engels and pre-Marxian Socialism_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism  

9. Eric Hobsbawm_On the Communist Manifesto*_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

10. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

11. Jonathan Sperber_The Pre-revolutionary Political Universe_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

12. Jonathan Sperber_Varieties of Revolutionary Experience_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[c] Revolutionary and radical movements 1830-1848

REFERENCES:

1. Roger Price_ The Background Causes of Revolution in 1848_ The Revolutions of 1848

2. Roger Price_ ‘Revolution’ as an Event_ The Revolutions of 1848

3. Roger Price_ Defining the limits of Revolution: Post Revolutionary Conflict_ The Revolutions of 1848

4. Roger Price_ Counter Revolution_ The Revolutions of 1848

5. Martin Kitchen_German Society in Transition 1800-70_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

6. Martin Kitchen_Restoration And Reform 1815-40_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

7. Martin  Kitchen_The Revolutions of 1848_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

8. Eric Hobsbawm_Marx, Engels and Politics_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism

9. Jonathan Sperber_Introduction_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

10. Jonathan Sperber_Polarization and Confrontation_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

11. Jonathan Sperber_The Outbreak of Revolution_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

12. Jonathan Sperber_The Mid-century Revolutions in European History_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

III. Capitalist industrialization and social and economic transformation (Late 18th century to AD 1914)

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ The Industrial Revolution_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 

2. Hunt, L., T. R Martin, B. H Rosenwein and B.G Smith_Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1815-1850_The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History, Volume II 

[a] Process of capitalist development in industry and agriculture: case studies of Britain, France, the German States and Russia.

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ Land_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 

2. Michael Winstanley_ Agriculture and Rural Society_ in_Chris Williams_A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

3. William J. Ashworth_ Industry and Transport_in_Chris Williams_ A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

4. Martin Kitchen_Bismarck's Germany_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

5. Martin Kitchen_Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

6. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[b] Evolution and differentiation of social classes: bourgeoisie, proletariat, landowning classes and peasantry. 

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ The Labouring Poor_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 

2. Martin Hewitt_ Class and the Classes_  in_Chris Williams_A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

3. Martin Kitchen_German Society in Transition 1800-70_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

4. Martin Kitchen_The Struggle For Mastery 1850-66_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

5. Eric Hobsbawm_On Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

6. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

7. Jonathan Sperber_The Mid-century Revolutions in European History_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[c] Changing trends in demography and urban patterns 

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_ The Career Open to Talent_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 

2. Ian Whyte_ Migration and Settlement_ in_Chris Williams_A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

3. Simon Gunn_ Urbanisation_ in_Chris Williams_A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

4. Martin Kitchen_Bismarck's Germany_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

5. Martin Kitchen_German Society in Transition 1800-70_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

6. Jonathan Sperber_Society and Social Conflict in Europe during the 1840s_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[d] Family, gender and process of industrialization

REFERENCES:

1. Eric Hobsbawm_Towards An Industrial World_The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 

2. Shani D’Cruze_ The Family_ in_Chris Williams_A Companion To Nineteenth Century Britain

4. Martin Kitchen_Bismarck's Germany_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

5. Martin Kitchen_German Society in Transition 1800-70_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

6. Jonathan Sperber_Varieties of Revolutionary Experience_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

IV Liberal democracy, working class movements and Socialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries

[a] The struggle for parliamentary democracy and civil liberties in Britain: popular movements – chartists and suffragettes

REFERENCES:

1.

2.

3.

4. Sean Lang_ The unreformed Parliament_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

5. Sean Lang_ The Great Reform Act_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

6. Sean Lang_ Chartism—the demand for universal suffrage_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

7. Sean Lang_ Votes for women_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

8. Jonathan Sperber_The Outbreak of Revolution_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

9. Jonathan Sperber_Varieties of Revolutionary Experience_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

10. Jonathan Sperber_The Pre-revolutionary Political Universe_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

11. John K. Walter_ Introduction _ Chartism

12. John K. Walter_  Chartism in Outline_ Chartism

13. John K. Walter_ Chartist Goals_ Chartism

14. John K. Walter_ Chartist Strategies_Chartism

15. John K. Walter_ Repression and Concession: the state and Chartism_ Chartism

16. John K. Walter_ Chartism in Perspective_ Chartism

[b] The making of democratic and constitutional rights

 REFERENCES:

1.

2. 

3. 

4. Martin Kitchen_Bismarck's Germany_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

5. Martin Kitchen_The Struggle for Mastery 1850-66_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

6. Sean Lang_ The Professionalisation of Politics, 1867–1900_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

7. Sean Lang_ Disraeli and the Second Reform Act_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

8. Jonathan Sperber_The Outbreak of Revolution_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

9. Jonathan Sperber_Varieties of Revolutionary Experience_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[c] Forms of protest: food riots in France and England in early nineteenth century, Luddism; trends in labour movements: Britain, France and Germany 

 REFERENCES:

1.

2. Martin  Kitchen_The Revolutions of 1848_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

3. Sean Lang_The Decline of the Monarchy and the Fall of the House of Lords_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

4. Sean Lang_The Labour Movement and the Growth of Democracy_ Parliamentary Reform, 1785–1928

5. Jonathan Sperber_The Outbreak of Revolution_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

[d] Early socialist thought, Marxian Socialism and the First and Second International.

REFERENCES:

1. Martin Kitchen_The First World War_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

2. Martin Kitchen_The Unification Of Germany 1866-71_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

3. Martin Kitchen_The Weimar Republic 1919-33_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

4. Eric Hobsbawm_The Influence of Marxism 1880-1914_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

5. Eric Hobsbawm_Marx on pre-Capitalist Formations_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

6. Eric Hobsbawm_Gramsci_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

7. Eric Hobsbawm_On the Communist Manifesto*_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

8. Eric Hobsbawm_Marx, Engels and pre-Marxian Socialism_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

9. Eric Hobsbawm_Marx, Engels and Politics_How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism 

10. Jonathan Sperber_Introduction_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

11. Jonathan Sperber_The Mid-century Revolutions in European History_The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 

Part-II: History of Modern Europe– II

I. Varieties of Nationalisms and the remaking of states in the 19th and 20th centuries

REFERENCES:

1.

2.

3.

4. Hunt, L., T. R Martin, B. H Rosenwein and B.G Smith_Constructing the Nation State, c. 1850-1880_The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History, Volume II 

[a] Intellectual currents, popular movements and the formation of national identities in Germany, Italy and the Balkans. 

REFERENCES:

1. John Pollard_Fascism and Religion_in_edited by Antonio Costa Pinto_Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives

2. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ Prime Minister_ Bismarck

3. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ First Triumph_ Bismarck

4. Edgar Feuchtwanger_Fall and Resentful Retirement _ Bismarck

5. Edgar Feuchtwanger_Power Prolonged _ Bismarck

6. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ Turn To The Right_ Bismarck

7. Edgar Feuchtwanger_Imperial Chancellor _ Bismarck 

8. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ Minister In Waiting_ Bismarck

9. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ Fratricidal War_ Bismarck

10. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ High Noon_ Bismarck

11. Edgar Feuchtwanger_Entry Into Politics _ Bismarck

12. Edgar Feuchtwanger_Early Days _ Bismarck

13. Edgar Feuchtwanger_ Diplomat With A Difference_ Bismarck

14. Aristotle Kallis_Fascism, ‘Licence’ and Genocide: From the Chimera of Rebirth to the Authorization of Mass Murder_in_edited by Antonio Costa Pinto_Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspective

15. Martin Kitchen_Germany And Europe 1871-90_a History of Modern Germany 1800-2000

16. Martin Kitchen_The Unification Of Germany 1866-71_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

17. Martin Kitchen_The Struggle For Mastery 1850-66_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

 [b] Post-Unification: problems of state building in Germany and Italy

REFERENCES:

1.

2.

3. Michel Dobry_Fascism’: Some Discordant Thoughts on the Academic Recycling of Indigenous Categories_in_edited by Antonio Costa Pinto_Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives 

4. Paul Hayes_ France and Germany: Belle Epoque and Kaiserzeit_ in_ Paul Hayes_ Themes in Modern European History

5. Nicholas Atkin_ Between Democracy and Autocracy: France, 1918-45_ in_ Paul Hayes_ Themes in Modern European History

6. Martin Kitchen_Germany And Europe 1871-90_a History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

II. Tsarist Russia and the coming of the Bolshevik revolution

[a] Serfdom, Populism and Social Democracy 

REFERENCES:

1.

2.  Paul Hayes_ Russia and Austria- Hungary: Empires Under Pressure_ in_ Paul Hayes_ Themes in Modern European History

3. Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, the 1600s-1800s_ Alessandro Stanziani

4. Ronald Kowalski_The Impact of War_The Russian Revolution 1917–1921

5. Ronald Kowalski_The February Revolution and the Origins of Dual Power_The Russian Revolution 1917–1921

6. Martin Kitchen_The First World War_A History of Modern Germany 1800-2000 

 [b] The Revolution of 1905; the revolutions of 1917: origins, visions, movements