Pediatrics

1. Neonatal & Newborn Conditions

1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) – Surfactant deficiency in preterm infants

2. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN) – Delayed fluid clearance in lungs

3. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) – Aspiration of meconium-stained amniotic fluid

4. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) – Premature infants, pneumatosis intestinalis

5. Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn) – Rh/ABO incompatibility

6. Neonatal Jaundice – Physiologic vs. pathologic (kernicterus risk)

7. Congenital Infections (TORCH) – Toxo, Rubella, CMV, HSV, Syphilis

2. Cardiology

8. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Most common congenital heart defect

9. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) – Fixed, wide split S2

10. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Continuous "machine-like" murmur

11. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) – Cyanosis, boot-shaped heart, "tet spells"

12. Coarctation of the Aorta – Upper extremity HTN, radio-femoral delay

13. Kawasaki Disease – Fever + mucocutaneous findings, coronary aneurysms

14. Acute Rheumatic Fever – Jones criteria, mitral regurgitation

3. Infectious Diseases

15. Bronchiolitis (RSV) – Wheezing in infants, supportive care

16. Croup (Parainfluenza) – Barking cough, steeple sign

17. Epiglottitis (H. influenzae type B) – Drooling, tripod positioning

18. Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) – Paroxysmal cough, post-tussive vomiting

19. Scarlet Fever (Group A Strep) – Sandpaper rash, strawberry tongue

20. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus A16) – Vesicular rash

21. Varicella (Chickenpox) – Crops of vesicles, avoid aspirin (Reye’s)

22. Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV) – Atypical lymphs, splenomegaly

4. Gastroenterology

23. Pyloric Stenosis – Non-bilious projectile vomiting, olive mass

24. Intussusception – Currant jelly stools, target sign on US

25. Hirschsprung Disease – Absent ganglion cells, distal bowel obstruction

26. Celiac Disease – Anti-tTG, villous atrophy, resolves with gluten-free diet

27. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Recurrent emesis, irritability

28. Acute Appendicitis – RLQ pain, McBurney’s point tenderness

5. Nephrology

29. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN) – Hematuria, HTN, edema

30. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) – E. coli O157:H7, triad (anemia, thrombocytopenia, AKI)

31. Nephrotic Syndrome (Minimal Change Disease) – Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema

32. Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – Risk factor for recurrent UTIs

6. Endocrinology

33. Congenital Hypothyroidism – Hypotonia, macroglossia, delayed development

34. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DKA) – Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss

35. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency) – Salt-wasting crisis, ambiguous genitalia

36. Growth Hormone Deficiency – Short stature, delayed bone age

7. Hematology/Oncology

37. Iron-Deficiency Anemia – Microcytic, hypochromic, pica

38. Sickle Cell Disease – Dactylitis, acute chest syndrome, stroke risk

39. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) – Most common childhood cancer

40. Neuroblastoma – Adrenal mass, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome

41. Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) – Abdominal mass, hemihypertrophy

8. Neurology

42. Febrile Seizures – Simple vs. complex, no long-term sequelae

43. Absence Seizures – 3 Hz spike-and-wave, staring spells

44. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy – Gower’s sign, X-linked, elevated CK

45. Cerebral Palsy – Non-progressive motor deficits, perinatal hypoxia

46. Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele) – Folate deficiency prevention

9. Genetics & Syndromes

47. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) – Duodenal atresia, AVSD, hypotonia

48. Turner Syndrome (45,X) – Webbed neck, coarctation, short stature

49. Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) – Tall stature, gynecomastia

50. Fragile X Syndrome – Macroorchidism, intellectual disability

51. Prader-Willi Syndrome – Hyperphagia, hypotonia (paternal deletion)

52. Angelman Syndrome – Happy demeanor, ataxia (maternal deletion)

53. Marfan Syndrome – Fibrillin defect, aortic dissection, lens dislocation

54. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 – Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules

10. Respiratory & Allergy

55. Asthma – Reversible wheezing, beta-agonists for acute attacks

56. Cystic Fibrosis – Chloride sweat test, Pseudomonas infections

57. Foreign Body Aspiration – Unilateral wheezing, R > L mainstem

11. Dermatology

58. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dry, itchy skin, "allergic triad"

59. Impetigo (Staph/Strep) – Honey-crusted lesions

60. Tinea Capitis – Scalp scaling, alopecia, treat with griseofulvin

12. Rheumatology

61. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) – Morning stiffness, uveitis risk

62. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) – Palpable purpura, IgA vasculitis

13. Miscellaneous

63. Reye Syndrome – Aspirin + viral illness, liver failure

64. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) – Back-to-sleep positioning

65. Failure to Thrive (FTT) – Organic vs. non-organic causes