Abbasid Resources

Brief History:

Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts. (2019). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-caliphate

El-Hibri, T. (2021). The Abbasid Caliphate: A History. Cambridge University Press.

Epic History. (2023). The Abbasids: Islam’s Golden Age. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8hhwSn1iaU 

Khan, S. M. (2020, March 25). Abbasid Dynasty. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Abbasid_Dynasty/

Architectural Aspects:

Saad. The Shape of the Building and Its Aesthetic Elements in the Abbasid Era and Its Reflections on International Architecture (the Minaret of the Caliph Al-Mu’tasim Billah Mosque in the City of Samarra). مجلة العلوم الهندسية و تكنولوجيا المعلومات 2021, 5 (2), 72–58. https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.s160121.

Tayib, A. Y. Q. (2024). The effect of the building shapes of the Assyrian architecture on the Islamic architecture in Iraq (Abbasid era). The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya, 8(1). https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/285

Zulfa, N. (2023). Architecture and Islamic arts during the Abbasiyah dynasty. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 3(2), 8026–8037. Retrieved from https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/927

Notable Buildings:

Al-Ukhaidir Fortress Palace:

Abdulrazzaq, Z. T. (2020). Archaeological study of Al-Ukhaidir site using satellite SAR image and ground penetrating radar, Iraq [PDF]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344381689_Archaeological_Study_of_Al-Ukhaidir_Site_using_Satellite_SAR_Image_and_Ground_Penetrating_Radar_Iraq

Al- Sammarie, R. (2017). Al-Ukhaidir Fortress, the Oldest Defensive Buildings in Iraq تعد المبانی الدفاعیة عن العمائر التی ساهمت فی الحفاظ على امن المدن العربیة الاسلامیة خلال العصور المنصرمة، فضلا عن حفاظها على الطرق التجاریة والحیویة. وحصن الاخیضر من اقدم المبانی الماثلة فی العراق، ویحتفظ بعناصره الدفاعیة کالابراج والمز. The Conference Book of the General Union of Arab Archeologists, 20(20), 976–996. https://doi.org/10.21608/cguaa.2017.29642

World, U. The Fortress of Al-Ukhaidar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Unesco.org. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1467/.

Zainab Hamid Mohson; Ismael, Z. A.; Shoula Raad Naiem; Saba Salih Shalal. Formal Transformations in Islamic Building Design and Their Sustainable Impact on Contemporary Architecture. Architecture Image Studies 2025, 6 (3), 860–878. https://doi.org/10.62754/ais.v6i3.343.

‌Qasr Al-Ashiq:

Al‑Hayat. (2004, May 27). “قصر العاشق” في سامراء: تاريخ وأطلال وقصة عشق لا تنتهي. Archive of Al‑Hayat. https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134651/http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2004/5/27/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A.html

Al‑Hayat. (n.d.). Cultural Property Training Resource — Significant site: Iraq05‑061. CEMML, Colorado State University. Archived November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125214642/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq05-061.html

Great Mosque of Samarra:

Hilal, M. M. (2021). Proposed urban design of the area surrounding the Great Samarra Mosque. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 779, 012129. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012129

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Samʿarra Archaeological City (World Heritage List No. 276). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/276/