Dark Galaxy
Speedy Galaxy
GN-z11 is a galaxy moving away from the earth. Its radial speed is about 90% of the speed of light. In the rest frame of GN-z11, the earth is moving away at about 90% of the speed of light. The earth moves so fast that the light from GN-z11 barely catches up with the earth.
In the rest frame of any galaxy that moves faster than light, the earth is also moving faster than light. The light from the galaxy is not fast enough to reach the earth.
This is dark galaxy. No electromagnetic radiation from this galaxy can reach the earth. No detection of the existence of the galaxy can be established on the earth.
All the matter in the dark galaxy is invisible in the sky. This is dark matter.
41. The conservation of the interference pattern from double slit interference proves that the wavelength is conserved in all inertial reference frames. However, there is a popular belief in modern astronomy that the wavelength can be changed by the choice of reference frame. This erroneous belief results in the problematic prediction of the radial speed of galaxy.
The reflection symmetry shows that the elapsed time is conserved in all inertial reference frames. From both conservation properties, the velocity of the light is proved to be different in a different reference frame. This different velocity was confirmed by lunar laser ranging test at NASA in 2009.
The relative motion between the light source and the light detector bears great similarity to the magnetic force on a moving charge. The motion changes the interference pattern but not the wavelength in the rest frame of the star. This is known as the blueshift or the redshift in astronomy. The speed of light in the rest frame of the grism determines how the spectrum is shifted. Wide Field Camera 3 in Hubble Space Telescope provides an excellent example on how the speed of light can change the spectrum.
40. The observation of spectral shift in astronomy bears great similarity to the frequency shift in the Doppler effect. Both blueshift and redshift can be described by the movement of the double-slit interference. In the rest frame of the star, the light passes through the slit to travel a straight path to reach the projection screen.
The intersection of this path and the screen determines how the spectrum is shifted. If the screen moves away from the path, the spectrum will be shifted away from the center of the screen. This is known as redshift. If the screen moves toward the path, the spectrum will be shifted toward the center of the screen. This is known as blueshift. The spectrum not only shifts in position but also resizes proportionally.
The spectral shift is caused by the motion of earth in the rest frame of the star while the wavelength of the star light remains constant. The redshift places a maximum limit on the radial velocity of the remote galaxy. The galaxy can not be detected if the earth moves faster than the light in the rest frame of the galaxy. This is dark galaxy.