Immanuel Kant: "Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?"


From 1774 to about 1800, there were intense philosophical and theological controversies underway in Germany, for instance the pantheism controversy, and the debates about atheism.  Kant’s essay, given in the original German, is his response to these debates.  

During this period (1770-1800), there was also the "Sturm und Drang" movement, with thinkers like Johann Hamann, Johann Herder, Friedrich Schiller, and Johann Goethe.  What was at stake is Enlightenment Thinking (Aufklärung) and its role and value in society.  Kant was on the side of Enlightenment (see his Answer the Question: What is Enlightenment? from 1784).

The following essay was originally published in October 1786. It can also be found at the Project Gutenberg. Here is a link to the English translation