Comparison of solution sets (shown in parallel coordinates) obtained by the original SPEA2 algorithm (left) and the SPEA2 working with SDE (right) on a tricky problem (10-objective DTLZ3) whose true Pareto front on each objective is in the range of [0,1].
Comparison of solution sets (in the decision space) obtained by SPEA2+SDE and other 14 multi-/many-objective algorithms on the 10-objective ML-DMP problem, where the Pareto optimal solutions in the 2D decision space have similar distribution to their images in the objective space, and the corresponding GD and IGD evaluation results.