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workers, school personnel, and clergy.39 Florida and North Carolina go further: All residents are mandatory reporters40 (see Table 4). In all seven states, the failure to report is subject to escalating penalties, starting with fines, proceeding to a criminal misdemeanor, and, for repeat offenders, a felony. In Massachusetts, the maximum fine is $1,000, but a reporter who knows of abuse or neglect of a child that results in serious bodily injury or death and who willfully fails to report is subject to a $5,000 fine and up to 2½ years imprisonment.41 California similarly punishes a mandated reporter who fails to report known or reasonably suspected child abuse or neglect with a $1,000 fine, up to 6 months imprisonment, or both.42 Five states (CA, CO, IL, FL, MD) require reporting to take place “immediately or as soon as possible,” 43 while Massachusetts extends to 48 hours.44 Only Massachusetts mandates a written report only,45 while the rest mandate oral reporting with a written report to follow.46 JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 119 Table 3. State Human Trafficking Reporting Laws. State Statutes Trafficking Type What to Report To Whom and How to Report California CAL. PENAL CODE § 11165.9 (West 2007), § 11165.6 (West 2008), § 11167 (West 2011), §§§ 11165.1, 11165.7, 11166 (West 2016) Sex Definition: Reporters must report suspected child abuse or neglect that includes “sexual abuse” that is defined to include “commercial sexual exploitation” that refers to, among other things, sexual trafficking of a child. Sexual trafficking of a child is committed by “any person who causes, induces, or persuades, or attempts to cause, induce or persuade, a person who is a minor at the time of commission of the offense to engage in a commercial sex act” with the necessary criminal intent. CAL. PENAL CODE § 236.1(c) (West 2012) Name, business address, and telephone number of the mandated reporter; The capacity that makes the person a mandated reporter; The information that gave rise to the reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect and the source or sources of that information; Child’s name, the child’s address, present location, and, if applicable, school, grade, and class; The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the child’s parents or guardians; The name, address, telephone number, and other relevant personal information about the person or persons who might have abused or neglected the child. Reporter must, within his or her professional capacity or within the scope of his or her employment, have knowledge of or observe a child whom the reporter knows or reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or neglect. Reporter must report to any police or sheriff’s department or county welfare department immediately or as soon as practicably possible, with a written report to follow within 36 hours of receiving the information of the abuse or neglect. Reports must be made even if the child has died, regardless of whether the abuse or neglect was a contributing factor to the death, and even if the suspected abuse was discovered during an autopsy. If a reporter is unable to submit an initial report by telephone, they shall make a one-time automated written report on the Department of Justice’s form. Such automated form reports shall be submitted to the counties and the Legislature by the State Department for data collection. Colorado COLO. REV. STAT. §§§ 16–22-102 (2002), 19–3-304 (1993), 19–3-307 Sex Definition: Reporters must report “unlawful sexual behavior,” which includes “Human trafficking of a minor for sexual servitude,” defined as a person who knowingly sells, recruits, harbors, transports, transfers, isolates, entices, provides, receives, obtains by any means, maintains or makes available a minor for the purpose of commercial sexual activity. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3-504(2)(a) Name, address, age, sex, and race of child; The name and address of the person responsible for the abuse; The nature and extent of the child’s injuries, including any evidence of previous cases of known or suspected abuse or neglect of the child or the child’s siblings; The names and addresses of the persons responsible for the suspected abuse or neglect, if known; The family composition.