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division of the department of social services; (b) juvenile courts; (c) state law-enforcement agencies; (d) health care professionals; and (e) runaway and homeless youth shelter administrators. New Jersey (a) Police; (b) owners, operators, and staff of hotels and motels; (c) employees of every licensed health care facility, meaning a facility or institution whether public or private, engaged principally in providing services for health maintenance organizations, diagnosis, or treatment of human disease, pain, injury, deformity, or physical condition, including, but not limited to, a general hospital, special hospital, mental hospital, public health center, diagnostic center, treatment center, rehabilitation center, extended care facility, skilled nursing home, nursing home, intermediate care facility, tuberculosis hospital, chronic disease hospital, maternity hospital, outpatient clinic, dispensary, home health care agency, residential health care facility, and bioanalytical laboratory or central services facility serving one or more such institutions; and (d) judges and judicial personnel. North Carolina (a) Law-enforcement personnel; (b) social services providers; and (c) the general public. Tennessee None specified. Texas (a) Law-enforcement personnel; (b) victim service providers; and (c) medical service providers. Vermont Vermont employers. Washington (a) Physicians; (b) mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and social workers; and (c) psychologists. JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 117 Massachusetts’ education requirement is subsumed within its child abuse reporting laws, as mandatory reporters of child abuse must undergo training to identify and report child abuse victims, which statutorily includes children who are trafficked.21 Michigan has further refined its approach with additional, more targeted legislation. It has passed a general law under which a Human Trafficking Commission must provide information and training on human trafficking to police, prosecutors, court personnel, social services personnel, health care providers, and any other group the commission deems appropriate.22 Participation by these trainees is voluntary. However, a separate provision directs a joint task force for health profession subfields to create standards for the mandatory education and training of physician’s assistants to identify human trafficking victims.23 The new standards will apply to both licensing and registration renewal.24 Other states may follow this model, tailoring mandates to specific cadres of health care providers. New Jersey’s approach is more direct and comprehensive. In a standalone single provision, the state lists all the categories of professions and employees who must be trained by taking a single mandatory course at their place of employment. Verifiable completion of the training course by the required employees is a condition of issuance, maintenance, or renewal of any license, permit, certificate, or approval required or issued to licensed health care facilities. This contrasts with the more common approach of most legislatures, which is to direct that a commission create a training curriculum and decide for itself who, when, and what is required. New Jersey’s law covers not only all employees of a health care facility but law-enforcement personnel, hotel and motel owners, and court personnel.25 Who oversees the education Four states (CO, MI, TX, NC) adopted a task-force approach to develop and oversee education.26 Minnesota has mandated a different approach by appointing a single director rather than a group of appointees or individuals, who must perform similar duties of developing training, collecting information, and overall management of trafficking programs and practices.27 In New Jersey, the Department of Health, in consultation with the Commission on Human Trafficking, is tasked with developing, approving, and providing, through an approved nonprofit course provider if it so chooses, its one-time training course. Four other states (KS, MA, MO, VT) provide no specifics other than naming the state agency authorized to establish a program.28 In Washington, the law requires that the Washington State Medical Quality Assurance Commission disseminate information on trafficking to physicians.29 Regarding who specifically leads the trainings, the statutes offer limited guidance. Content of curriculum The statutes offer only minimal guidance for creating the educational curricula. abuse or dictate what agencies must be consulted to develop the curriculum.30 Others simply call for the dissemination of educational materials and programs to increase awareness of trafficking and services.31 From this general