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framework, three approaches merit closer consideration. New Jersey’s standalone human-trafficking statute offers the most concrete guidance.32 For all employees of “a licensed health care facility,” education is mandatory. “Licensed health care facility” is comprehensively defined, including entities such as general hospitals, mental hospitals, public health centers, diagnostic centers, rehabilitation centers, extended-care facilities, nursing homes, intermediate-care facilities, maternity hospitals, outpatient clinics, dispensaries, and home health care agencies.33 All such persons employed by a health care facility were required to participate in a one-time training course within one year of the law’s enactment (May 6, 2013). The training must cover “the handling and response procedures of suspected human trafficking activities.” The Department of Health is responsible for ensuring that all required employees of licensed health care facilities attend the training course; new employees must take the course within six months of employment. Florida is utilizing a continuing medical education (CME)-based approach. Currently, physicians can, but do not have to, satisfy their two-hour domestic violence (DV) CME requirement by taking a 118 H. G. ATKINSON ET AL. course “Domestic Violence with a Special Focus on Human Trafficking.” 34 Looking ahead, two new bills would move Florida to a mandatory education model.35 At their broadest, the bills would apply to physicians, midwives, nurses, dentists, and psychologists, among others. The content of the training, on both sex and labor trafficking, would include information on the types and extent of trafficking, risk factors and patient identification, patient safety and security, management of patient records, and resources and referral procedures for legal and social services. A federal bill, the Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Act of 2015, which became an official session law on May 29, 2015, requires the Administrator of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to award one grant to “an accredited school of medicine or nursing with experience in the study or treatment of victims of a severe form of trafficking” 36 to determine best practices for health care professionals to recognize and respond appropriately to victims of severe forms of human trafficking. The bill seeks to have the grantee then make subgrants to one entity located near an established anti-human-trafficking task-force initiative in each of the 10 administrative regions of the Department of Health and Human Services to develop pilot programs to test best practices for trainings and to collect and analyze data. Health and Human Services will disseminate the evidence-based best practices on its Web site and to health care professional schools. State reporting laws Seven states (CA, CO, FL, IL, MD, MA, NC) now have specific mandatory reporting laws regarding human trafficking37 (see Table 3). Four of these states (FL, IL, MA, NC) address both sex and labor trafficking, whereas California, Colorado, and Maryland require reporting of sex trafficking only. All seven states with reporting laws limit their mandate to minors only. Illinois, however, extends the requirement to residents of state facilities aged 18–22.38 Of course, every state in the United States already has child abuse and neglect (CAN) laws (Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect, 2013); however, these older laws as written do not always cover all trafficking situations. The new human trafficking reporting laws discussed herein establish that trafficking, in its various manifestations, is a distinct reportable offense. Just as states diverge in the particulars of their education requirements, so too have they adopted different definitions of what constitutes the crime of human trafficking (see Table 3). As a legislative matter, these laws effectively add trafficking specifically to the types of abuse covered under the child abuse and neglect reporting laws, which were drafted long before legislators became aware of human trafficking. Who reports, when, and under what circumstances Five states (CA, CO, IL, MD, MA) define “reporter” broadly, including not only a range of health care providers but also law-enforcement and court personnel, social service